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tajuk

Ali bin abu

xx
Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

3 METHODOLOGY

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5 CONCLUSION
 PROBLEM STATEMENTS

environmental issues
BANANA PEEL
AS AN
potential of ADDITIVE IN
natural material PARAFFIN OIL

unstable oil prices & the

Depletion of oil reserve
OBJECTIVES

To propose method for preparation of BP as

1 the additive in paraffin oil

To investigate the effect of loads and temperature

2 to the tribological characteristics in term of
friction and wear

3 To determine the optimal load and temperature

based on the result of low friction and wear

4 To study the mechanisme of friction and wear

SCOPE

The blended BP
prepared
5%, 20 % and 50%
Measure of blended BP
kinematic in paraffin oil
viscosity
Investigate in
term of its wear &
friction
characteristics Performed over
different loads
& temperature
 LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE
REVIEW

Lubricants developed from

Sulfur, chlorine, phosphorus,
modified vegetable oil
nitrogen, boron and iodine
have a good
effective to improve
tribological characteristics
the lubricating performance
(N.J. Fox & G.W. Stachowiak,
(Y.C. Lin & H. So, 2004)
2007)
 LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE
REVIEW
Polysaccharide follicular gel
played the dominant role in
lubricating effect of banana
skin after the crush and the
change to homogeneous sol
(M, Kiyoshi et al, 2012)
The addition of Jatropha oil
in the base lubricant acted
as a very good lubricant additive
which reduced the friction & wear
scar diameter of maximum
34% & 29% respectively
(Shahabuddin,M. et al,2013)
 METHODOLOGY
Under different load
Determine
60N, 250N & 500N Determine
Surface Roughness
and different temperature
Of 270C, 800C & 1000C Kinematic Viscosity
(Profilometer)
Determine
Under different temperature Kinematic Viscosity
Of 270C, 800C & 1000C
(Brookfield Viscosity)
Determine
Under different load
60N, 250N & 500N Wear Volume
and different temperature
Of 270C, 800C & 1000C
(Inverted Microscopes)

Determine COF
(Fourball Tester)
Paraffin oil
dispersed with Prepare blended BP
5%, 20%
& 50% BP
(Ultrasonic Homogenizer)
RESULT & DISCUSSION

GRAPH

COF COF
Vs Vs
Load Temperature

1. PO + 5%BP
1. PO + 5%BP 1. PO + COF
5%BP
2. PO + 20%BP Vs
2. PO + 20%BP 3. PO2. +PO
50%+ BP
20%BP
% BP (W)
3. PO + 50% BP 3. PO + 50% BP
 RESULT & DISCUSSION

COF versus Load (PO + 5% BP)

0.8

0.7 0.70663
Coefficient of friction, 

0.6

0.5

0.4 0.40295 27C

80C
0.27657
0.3 100C

0.2
0.11676 0.11859
0.07629
0.1 0.05994
0.02459 0.06661

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Load, W (N)

 good tribological performance at 270C, 800C & 1000C under 250 N

 COF for 800C increase when applied load increase to 500N
 RESULT & DISCUSSION

COF versus Temperature (PO + 50% BP)

0.25
0.22688

0.2
Coefficient of friction, 

0.15
0.12691
0.12 60N
250N
0.1 0.1151 0.08897
500N

0.04931
0.05
0.05456
0.01097 0.0455

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Temperature, T (C)

 good tribological performance when 60N & 250N applied at 1000C

 COF decrease when temperature increase from 800C to 1000C
under 60N & 250N
 Also proved that load and temperature significantly affect the COF
 www.themegallery.com

CONCLUSION
 dispersion of BP in the paraffin oil has significantly affect
the COF under different loads and temperature
 due to rising of viscosity that reduces the surface contact
between the ball bearings
 separation boundary film created by dispersing of BP in….
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