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Chapter 2
The Importance of Data
Model
An abstraction of a more complex real
Model
Model world object / event
Data
Data Model
Model Simple / graphical representation of
complex real data structures
Chap. 2: Data Model
Data structures
Their characteristic
Chap. 2: Data Model
Relations
Constraints
Transformation
Data Model Basic Building Blocks
1:M (one-to-many)
of an organization’s operation
To define entity, attributes,
relationship, constraint
Must be written / documented properly.
Business Rules
WHERE TO GET THE BUSINESS RULES??
Company manager
Department manager
Policy makers
Chap. 2: Data Model
Written document
company
procedures
Standard & policy
operation manual
End user
Business Rules
Why BR need to be identified & documented properly???
Advantages :
make application program development simpler
easier to identify specific data required
providing feedback about the conceptual model’s
adequacy
ensure security constraints in the dtbs design
Chap. 2: Data Model
External Model
Conceptual Model
global view of dtbs
specific representation of an conceptual model Conceptual
Schema
integrate all external view in a single view
representation of data as viewed by high level managers
the basis for identification & description of the main data objects,
Chap. 2: Data Model
avoiding details
most widely use conceptual model is the ERM-represent by ERD
easily understood –macro view of data environment
Independent of both software and hardware
Does not depend on the DBMS software used to implement the model
Does not depend on the hardware used in the implementation of the
model
Changes in either hardware or DBMS software have no effect on the
database design at the conceptual level
Internal Model
representation of the dtbs as seen by the DBMS
requires the designer to match the conceptual
model’s characteristics and constraints to those
of the selected implementation model
Maps the conceptual model to the DBMS (eg:
Chap. 2: Data Model
Access)
Internal schema depicts a specific
representation of an internal model
it is software dependent, hardware
independent
Chap. 2: Data Model
Internal Model
Physical Model
operates at the lowest level of abstraction
describing the way data are saved on
storage
requires the definition of both physical
storage device and the access methods to
Chap. 2: Data Model
Entities
Attributes
Relationships
Constraints
Summary
Hierarchical model
Depicts a set of one-to-many (1:M)
relationships between a parent and its children
segments
Relational model
Current database implementation standard
ER model is a popular graphical tool for data
modeling that complements the relational
model
Summary
Object is basic modeling structure of
object oriented data model