GOVERNING

 Governing means to control and regulate

certain parameters to achieve expected
functional requirements.

 Hence Governing system is designed to

achieve functional requirements (Speed,
Load etc) of TG operation by controlling
and regulating steam input parameters .
 FUNCTIONS
 Control the turbine speed at no load
during synchronizing and during load
throw off.
 Control the load when running in
parallel with other generating sets.
 The safe operation of turbine is ensured
with Protective gear system
 TYPES OF GOVERNING

 NOZZLE GOVERNING

 THROTTLE GOVERNING

 In both methods unit may be

operated at constant pressure or
variable pressure
 NOZZLE GOVERNING
 In this method Inlet nozzles are made up
in sets, each set being controlled by
separate valve.
 With increase and decrease in load
required no of nozzles can be opened or
closed.
 Each valve may have separate or single
control. This method is mostly adopted
in LMW machines.
 This is efficient at part load operation.
 THROTTLE GOVERNING
 Steam flow is controlled by throttling the
steam by simultaneous operation of control
valves by which first stage pressure at
turbine inlet can be regulated according to
the load.
 In throttling enthalpy remain constant but
available energy for doing work reduces.
 In KWU turbines this type is adopted
 FREE GOVERNING

 Rate of change of load with respect to

frequency.
 Rate of change of load depends upon
droop of the machine.
 All plants are expected to operate in
this method as per CERC norms.
 DROOP
 Percentage of change in speed with
respect to no load speed is called
steady state regulation or DROOP of
the machine
 DROOP = (N2-N1)/N2 X 100
= (3000-2850)3000X100
=5%
 N1- Full load speed
 N2 – No load speed
Frequency loading / unloading
Example for 250 MW UNIT
5% droop = 5% of 50 HZ = 2.5 HZ
2.5 HZ =250 MW unit
0.1 HZ= (250/2.5)x0.1= 10 MW
Droop of the machine decides the load
sharing by the machine connected to
grid during demand changes.
DROOP CHRACTERSTICS
 Hydro turbines and gas turbines can be
loaded and unloaded frequently without
much disturbance hence these units are
called peak load units with lower droop
3 % (higher load variation).
 Coal fired units which contribute 70% of
demand are adjusted with higher droop
5 to 8%(Lower load variation). Hence
they are termed as base load units.
TRANSIENT SPEED RAISE
 During load rejection,turbine speed
shoots up temporarily, before settling
down to steady state value.
 This temporary speed rise is called TSR
and should be within 7 to 8 %.
 This depends upon the governing action
and location of the control valves.
 More the location of valves higher will
be TSR
 TSR
OVER SPEED VALUE
110

108
% SPEED

STEADY STATE
TSR

120 secs

2 secs TIME IN SECS

 DEAD BAND
 The inertia machine resists any change
in the present state.
 Response of the machine to the signal
from governing system will be inversely
proportional to the inertia of the machine.
 Certain motion will be lost due to friction
present in governing.
 This lost motion is called dead band.
 This is not to exceed 0.5%
Features of KWU governing

 MHG back up for EHG

 Throttle governing is adopted

 Regulation of droop in EHG can be

adjusted to 2.5% to 8%
 Normal droop setting is 5%

 MHG regulation setting is 5%

 Dead band EHG 0.01 %

 MHG 0.1 %

 Control valves open with varying sec

oil pr
 Closing time of servo motors

 ESV -0.26 sec

 HPCV - 0.4 sec
 ISV - 0.8 sec
 IPCV - 0.8 sec
 HPcontrol valves controls from 0 to
100 % load
 IPcontrol valves have a controlling
function up to 20% load(40 MW)
 After 20% load controlling is done by
HPCV
 Trimming device is used for IP control
valves to control HP exhaust hood
temp
 ATT is provided to check the protective
devices and closing of HP &IP SVS & CVS
 Precise load frequency with high sensitivity
 Reliable operation in case of islanding or
block load
 Safe operation of turbine with influence of
TSE
 DIFFERENT OILS USED IN GOVERNING

S.No Name of Oil Source & pressure Purpose Colour Code

1. Control Oil MOP/AOP ( 7-8.5 Kg/cm2) To establish Trip Oil, Aux Trip Oil,
Trip Oil, Start-up Oil, Aux Start-up
Oil, Aux Secondary Oil, Secondary
Oil, Primary Oil, Etc
2. Main Trip Valve (4.8-6 Kg/cm2)
Trip Oil To reset , Open & Trip stop valve
3. Main Trip Valve (4.8-6 Kg/cm )
2
To trip main trip valve during
Aux Trip Oil action of Hydraulic Trip Device
4. Starting Device ( 5.5 Kg/cm2) To assist Resetting & Opening
Start-up Oil Stop Valves
5. Aux Start- Starting Device ( 5.5 Kg/cm2) To Reset Main Trip Valve &
Hydraulic Trip Device
up Oil
6. Aux Speeder Gear ( 2.3-4.8 Kg/cm2) Input Signal to Hydraulic
Converter
Secondary
Oil
7. Secondary Hyd/Electro-Hyd Converter ( 0-6 To govern HP/IP Control Valve
Kg/cm2) opening
Oil
(HP/IP)
8. Primary Oil Pump ( 0-2.3 Speed Feedback signal from
Primary Oil Kg/cm2) impeller for HG

9. Over Speed Test Device ( 2.0

Test Oil Kg/cm2) To test Over Speed Test Device

10. Drains
 TEST V/V STOP V/V

BLOCK
BLOCK DIAGRAM
DIAGRAM OF
OF
SERVO MOTOR

GOVERNING
GOVERNING SYSTEM
SYSTEM
Main Trip
Remote Trip Valves
Filtered Solenoid STOP &
Control Oil Valves CONTROL
VALVE

AOP CONTROL
VALVE
Filter SERVO

Trip Oil
MOTOR

MOP
Secondary Oil

AOP Discharge
header
Aux Start-up

Aux Trip

Converter
Hyd

Converter
Electro-Hyd
Oil

Oil
Start-up Oil

Startin
g
Device

Filtered Controlled
Oil

Hyd. Trip Device

GOVERNING CHARACTERSTICS

 After overhauling of governing rack

elements it is essential to tune elements
to the desired operating level.
 Each element EHC, MHC etc will be
calibrated individually.
 Governing valves characteristics will
also be carried out for HP control valves
and IP control valves
 GOVERNING RACK ELEMENTS
1. SELF CLEANING FILTERS
2. REMOTE TRIP SOLENOID VALVES
3. MAIN TRIP VALVES
4. MECHANICAL HYDR.GOVERNOR
5. ELECTRO HYDRAULIC GOVERNOR
6. PILOT VALVE OF CRH NRVS
7. OVERSPEED TRIP TEST DEVICE
8. LOW VACUUM TRIP DEVICE
9. AXIAL SHIFT OR THRUST WEAR
EXCESS
GOVERNING CHARACTERSTICS
1. STOP VALVES
2. MAIN TRIP VALVES
3. HYDRAULIC GOVERNING
4. EHC GOVERNING
5. HP CONTROL VALVES
6. IP CONTROL VALVES
7. CRH NRV
8. EXTRACTION NRVS
GOVERNING CHARACTERISTICS

Activities
Charge the governing rack ,control oil lines to
all valves one by one
Switch off turbine protection supply
K101&201
Isolate EHC at local
Reset the turbine

Brought starting device to zero

Start up oil & aux start up oil developed

Start up oil goes to above piston of test valve

Aux start up oil resets the protective devices

Trip oil developed

Trip oil flows through test valve to above

piston of stop valve servo motor

Slowly raise the starting device

Start up oil & aux start up oil pressure reduces

Trip oil flow to below piston of stop valve
servo motor
Stop valve opened
 Stop valve operation

 Slowly raise the starting

device(0 to 40 %) and note the
start up oil pressures at which
four stop valve opens.
Close governing rack isolation valves slowly

and note down the trip oil pressure at which

Main trip valve close

Close governing rack isolation valves slowly

and note down the trip oil pressure at which

Stop valve close

 EHC
 Feed 0 to 10 volts at the EHC
converter and adjust the spring
tension of the follow pistons and
note the HP secondary oil and
IP secondary oil pressures for
operating HP and IP control
valves respectively
 MHC
 Auxiliary secondary oil pressure is the
hydraulic input signal to MHC.
 This oil pressure is generated at (FUP)
starting device. Hence ASO has to be
to adjusted for different SD position at
the follow piston provided at SD.
 With variation in ASO, HP and IP sec oil
pr has to adjusted at the another set of
follow pistons at MHC.
 Aux Follow-up
Starting Device Piston
Aux Secondary Oil To Hyd.
Speeder Gear
Governor

Start-up oil

75 10
50 0
Starting
25 Device
Control oil
In %
0

Aux Start-up oil

75 10
50 0
Primary Oil Starting
Primary Oil 25 Device
LINK Pump In %
0

Trip oil From MTV

 HP Sec. Oil

Follow - up valves
HG & EHG IP Sec. Oil

Aux Sec Oil

from S/G Hydraulic Converter

Amplifier
Piston

Trim
Control Device
Oil

HP Sec. Oil

Electro-Hydraulic Converter Trip Oil

From Follow - up valves
MTV
0-10V IP Sec. Oil
Supply from
ATRS Amplifier
Piston
Control
Oil
Trim
Device

HG/EH
Trip Oil G
From
MTV
 STOP V/V
OPERATION
START-UP OIL TO TEST V/V TEST
VALVE

TRIP OIL TO STOP V/V

MTV
RTSV’S

DRAIN Filter
AUX START-UP OIL

AUX START-UP OIL TO STOP VALVE

HYD TRIP DEVICE SERVO-
S/D MOTOR
TO MTV

HYD TRIP
DEVICE

AUX TRIP OIL TO HYD

TRIP DEVICE

OPENING OF STOP VALVES BY

RESETTING OF RTSV(DE-ENERGIZING)
RAISING STARTING DEVICE
& HYD. TRIP DEVICES & MTV
THROUGH STARTING DEVICE AT “0” DRAIN STOP VALVE