TYPE I DIABETES

By: Cassandra Held

NFS 3380
Objectives
• What is Diabetes?
• History of Diabetes (Type I)
• Personal History
• Signs/Symptoms/Treatment/Complications of Type I Diabetes
• Statistics about Diabetes
• Blood Glucose Monitor, Insulin pens, Insulin pump (Demonstration)
• Carbohydrates and Nutrition
• Reading Food Labels
• How to count carbohydrates from food labels and in different situations
• Quiz
• Conclusion
• References
 What is Diabetes Mellitus?
• Diabetes is a disease that lasts for a long time that affects
your body’s function to use the energy found in different
kinds of food.
• 3 types of diabetes
• Type I
• Type II
• Gestational
• There are other types of conditions that can cause
diabetes such as:
• Diseases of the pancreas
• Certain surgeries and medications
• Infections
https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/types-of-diabetes-
mellitus#1
 History of Type I Diabetes
• Insulin was discovered in 1921-22 and it mostly occurred in
children and adolescents. However, this disease can occur at
any age.
• Type I diabetes does occur between 5-7 years old and older.
• Type I diabetes started as an immune-associated damage to
the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells in the body.
• The main symptoms are:
• Polydipsia
• Polyphagia
• Polyuria
• Hyperglycemia

http://www.sciencedirect.com.huaryu.kl.oakland.edu/science/article/pii/
S0140673613605917?via%3Dihub
 Personal History
• I was diagnosed with Type I diabetes when I was 21 years old.
Now I am 23 years old.
• Before I was diagnosed I had some problems such as going to
the bathroom a lot, eating a lot of food, losing hair, lost about
25 pounds, had a headache that will not go away, drank lots of
water, had trouble reading because of the high blood sugar,
etc.
• While I was at school ,my blood sugar before I went to bed was
at 594 and I went to the hospital and I was there for a few days
and was on fluids to bring the blood sugar down.
• Saw the endocrinologist and told me things I needed to do and
talked to a nutritionist.
• Today, I have been keeping track of my blood sugar by using
test strips and using the pump and pen (if necessary).
• Make sure that my sugar does not go over 200-300 and keep
track of the carbohydrates and calories every day.
Signs/Symptoms/Treatment/
Complications
 Signs
• Loss of hair
• Loss of weight
• Going to the bathroom a lot
• Eating a lot
• Headaches
• High blood sugar
• Environmental triggers (viral infections, bacteria, etc.)
• Make sure the patient tells you all of the signs and tells
you all of the tests that were done.
http://go.galegroup.com.huaryu.kl.oakland.edu/ps/i.do?p=IT
OF&u=lom_oaklandu&id=GALE|A127712596&v=2.1&it=r&
sid=summon&authCount=1
 Symptoms
• Blood sugar higher than 200 (also known as
hyperglycemia)
• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Unexplained weight loss
• Glycosuria
• Ketonuria
• Ketonemia
• Make sure the patient gets all the tests that are required.
http://go.galegroup.com.huaryu.kl.oakland.edu/ps/i.do?p=IT
OF&u=lom_oaklandu&id=GALE|A127712596&v=2.1&it=r&
sid=summon&authCount=1
 Treatment
• There are some treatments to Type I diabetes however
the major treatment is insulin as well as therapies.
• There are some things that the patients can do if
necessary such as:
• Knowing the cause of it whether it was from the environment or
another trigger.
• Onset or near onset therapy
• The only way to get treated is to follow these four steps:
• Choice of protein or peptide being delivered
• Dosage
• Disease phase
• Route of administration

http://physrev.physiology.org.huaryu.kl.oakland.edu/content/91/1/79.full-
text.pdf+html
 Complications
• There are acute and chronic complications.
• Acute
• Growth assessment (DKA which stands for Diabetic Ketoacidosis)
• Hypoglycemia
• Cardiovascular disease
• Chronic
• Nephropathy
• Hypertension
• Dyslipidemia
• Retinopathy
• Foot care
http://go.galegroup.com.huaryu.kl.oakland.edu/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=lom_oa
klandu&id=GALE|A127712596&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&authCount=1
Statistics about Diabetes Mellitus
• In 2009 the American Diabetes Association altered their
guidelines for diabetes judgment to add glycated haemoglobin.
• Approximately 5-15% of adults have type II diabetes that might
actually have type I diabetes that means that 50% of diabetes
cases were not diagnosed correctly.
• Type I diabetics are ten times more likely to have
cardiovascular disease than non diabetic individuals.
• 1 person every 8 seconds gets killed from not being aware of
having diabetes.
• Every 23 seconds someone in the United States is diagnosed
with diabetes.
• 86 million Americans are at risk for diabetes.
http://www.sciencedirect.com.huaryu.kl.oakland.edu/science/arti
cle/pii/S0140673613605917?via%3Dihub
 Blood Glucose
Monitors, Insulin
Pens, and Insulin
Pumps
• Blood glucose monitors are
used to keep track of your
blood sugar. On the left it is
called a sensor that goes into
your skin and measures the
blood sugar in the body.
• The insulin pen which is what I
used before I used the pump
was a pen that has insulin for
fast acting and long acting. It
has to be refrigerated before
using them. I use the fast
acting insulin for eating and
long acting for sleeping
• The insulin pump is where the
insulin is stored and it also
goes into your skin and drips
insulin into the body all day
and all night. It also has a food
list to look up food items as
well as it can keep track of
your blood sugar if it is paired
to the blood glucose monitor.
• http://www.sciencedirect.com.h
uaryu.kl.oakland.edu/science/a
rticle/pii/S0140673613605917
?via%3Dihub
Demonstration
 Carbohydrates and Nutrition
• Diabetics need to watch out for foods that have sugar. There
are some foods that don’t have sugar such as meat and
cheese.
• Children and adolescents need to eat acceptable intakes of
vitamins and minerals as well as fruits and vegetables. They
also need to discuss with a dietitian about scheduled eating
patterns with families traditions.
• Foods that have carbohydrates include:
• Fruits
• Vegetables
• Sweets
• Grains
• Dressings and condiments

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

 Reading Food Labels
• Foods that are in the grocery stores have food labels
such as chips. The food label states the serving size as
well as calories, fat, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, total
carbohydrates, and protein.
• Look at the Total Carbohydrates not the sugars because
the sugars are included with the Total Carbohydrates.
• Always look at the serving size and decide if you are
going to eat all of it or not.

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Counting Carbohydrates in Different
Situations
• Besides counting carbohydrates on food labels you have
to count carbohydrates while going out to a restaurant or
events.
• There are applications on the Internet and on phones that
can be downloaded and are very useful. An example is an
application called Calorie King.
• One can use this application to look up nutrition facts as
well as google search the restaurants that will have
nutrition information.

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Quiz Time!
What are the three types of diabetes?
 Type I
Type II
Gestational
What are some of the major symptoms of
diabetes?
 Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Polyuria
Hyperglycemia
How many times more likely are Type
I diabetes will have cardiovascular
disease?
Ten times
Identify these items
 Conclusion
• Diabetes is a well known disease and it is spreading
throughout the world.
• It is good to know if someone is diabetic and know the
symptoms that they have.
• It is important to count carbohydrates adequately
otherwise the blood sugar will rise and cause problems.
• To conclude, it is very important to keep blood sugar
stabilized and in control and count carbohydrates
accurately as possible as well as helping them if needed.
 References
• Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (2017). Type I Diabetes
Nutrition Therapy. Eatright.org.
• Atkinson, M., Eisenbarth, G., and Michels, A. (2014). Type I
Diabetes. Volume 383, p.69-82. www.thelancet.com. Retrieved
from: https://ac-els-cdn-
com.huaryu.kl.oakland.edu/S0140673613605917/1-s2.0-
S0140673613605917-main.pdf?_tid=09877b0e-c0cd-11e7-
9944-
00000aab0f01&acdnat=1509737432_8778744ab4b1ac71f615
0cc9475b5afd
• Dansinger, M. (2017). Types of Diabetes Mellitus. WebMD
Reference. Retrieved from:
https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/types-of-diabetes-
mellitus#1
 References
• Silverstein, J., Klingensmith, G., Copeland, K., Plotnick,
L., Kaufman, F., and Laffel, L. (January, 2005). Care of
Children and Adolescents with Type I Diabetes: A
Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Volume
28 number 1, p.186-212. Retrieved from:
http://go.galegroup.com.huaryu.kl.oakland.edu/ps/i.do?p=I
TOF&u=lom_oaklandu&id=GALE|A127712596&v=2.1&it=
r&sid=summon&authCount=1
• Van Belle, T., Coppieters, K., and Von Herrath, M. (2011).
Type I Diabetes: Etiology, Immunology, and Therapeutic
Strategies. The American Physiological Society. Retrieved
from:
http://physrev.physiology.org.huaryu.kl.oakland.edu/conte
nt/91/1/79.full-text.pdf+html