05-IP and MPLS Tunnel Introduction

IP and MPLS Tunnel
Technology
Introduction
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 With the development of the mobile network from 2G
to 3G and LTE as well, the data packet becomes the
main service in the transmission network.
 The packet transmission solution can encapsulate the

various services in MPLS tunnel by PWE3 technology
and transmit them in packet mode uniformly.
 The course is the basics for the further study of OptiX

RTN 910/950/980.
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the classification of IP addresses
 Describe the basic principle of IP routing
 Describe the basic concepts of MPLS
 Describe the MPLS tunnel (LSP) creation procedure
 Outline the MPLS OAM functions
Contents
1. IP Overview
2. MPLS Tunnel Technology
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
Contents
1. IP Overview
1.1 TCP/IP Protocol Overview
1.2 IP Address Introduction and Configuration
1.3 IP Routing Overview
TCP/IP and OSI Model
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Conversation Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Layer Network Layer
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer
OSI Model TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Application HTTP, Telnet, FTP, Provide application
Layer TFTP, Ping, etc. program
network interfaces
Establish terminal to
Transport TCP/UDP terminal connection
Layer
ICMP Addressing and route
Network IP selecting
Layer ARP/RARP
Data Link Ethernet, 802.3, PPP, Physical media access
Layer HDLC, FR, etc.
Physical Interfaces and Binary data flow

Layer wires/cables transmission
Ethernet structure
Ethernet II Frame
DA SA Type Data FCS
DA SA QTag Type Data FCS
2-Bytes 3-bits 1-bit 12-bits
0x8100 Pri CFI VLAN ID
TPI TCI
Ethernet Frame with IEEE 802.I Q Tag
IP Header Format
32bits
8 8 8 8
Version Header Type of Service Total Length
(4bits) Length (8bits) (16bits)
Identifier Flags Fragmented Offset
(16bits) (3bits)
Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum
(8bits) (8bits) (16bits)
Source IP Address
(32bits)
Destination IP Address
(32bits)
Options
(Variable Length)
IP Address
 IP address is 32 bits long
 Including network portion and a host portion.
 Network portion
 Uniquely identifies a physical or logical link and is common to all
devices attached to that link.
 Host portion
 Uniquely identifies a particular device attached to the link.
 Generally, use dotted-decimal to represent it

 For example: 10.1.1.1, 192.168.1.1, etc.
Classification of IP Address
 First Octet Rule
1.0.0.0~ Network
126.255.255.255 0 Host(24bits) Class A
(7bits)
128.0.0.0~
191.255.255.255 1 0 Network(14bits) Host(16bits) Class B
192.0.0.0~
Network(21bits) Host(8bits) Class C
223.255.255.255 1 1 0
224.0.0.0~
239.255.255.255 1 1 1 0 Multicast Address Class D
240.0.0.0~
255.255.255.255 1 1 1 1 0 Reserved Class E
Private IP Address
 Private IP Address
 10.0.0.0~10.255.255.255
 172.16.0.0~172.31.255.255
 192.168.0.0~192.168.255.255
Subnet Mask
 Distinguish network portion and host portion
 32-bit string, represented by dotted-decimal

format
 Mask for class A: 255.0.0.0
 Mask for class B: 255.255.0.0
 MaskIPfor
address
class C: 255.255.255.0
192 168 1 1 IP subnet segment
“And”
Subnet mask 192 168 1 0
255 255 255 0
Subnets and Subnet Masks
IP address: 192.168.1.17
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.240
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
Network Part Subnet Part Host Part

(n bits) (m bits)
 IP Subnet: 192.168.1.16 255.255.255.240 or 192.168.1.16/28
 Subnet numbers: 2n ( n=4, 24=16)
 Host numbers: 2m-2 ( m=4, 24 – 2 = 14)
IP Address Configuration
 Interconnection address planning
 P2P link, just 2 hosts necessary
 Mask length: 30, For example: 10.1.1.0/30
 Broadcast network
 According to the number of hosts in this network
 For example:
– 60 hosts in the network: 192.168.1.0/26
– 120 hosts in one network: 192.168.2.128/25
 Device Identifier
 32 bit mask length
 For example: 1.1.1.1/32
Questions
 There are 28 sets of RTN 910/950/980 in the network, and
one of them are the gateway which connected to the NMS,
please give them a private IP subnet in the class C IP address.
Contents
1. IP Overview
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
Traditional IP Forwarding
Parse IP header Parse IP header Parse IP header
mapped to next hop mapped to next hop mapped to next hop
 IP header is parse at each hop, resulting in low efficiency
 It is difficult to deploy QoS and the efficiency is rather low
 All routers are expected to know all routes in the entire

network
ATM Switching Process
Virtual Channel Connection

(VCC)
Virtual Path Connection(VPC)
UNI
UNI
NNI NNI
VC VP VC
switching switching switching
VPI = 1 VPI = 18 VPI = 26 VPI = 20
VCI = 1 VCI = 44 VCI = 44 VCI = 30
 Connection-oriented
 Routing depends on link layer, based on VPI/VCI or label
 Ensure QoS and real-time service
Technology Combination
+ =
Router ATM switch MPLS Router
 Layer 3 routing-scalable and flexible
 Layer 2 switching-high reliability and traffic engineering

management
MPLS-Multi-Protocol Label Switching
MPLS Introduction
 MPLS——Multi-Protocol Label Switching
 Multi-Protocol
 Support various layer 3 protocols, such as IP, IPv6, IPX, SNA
 Label Switching
 Label the packet, forward packets by label switching instead of IP
forwarding
MPLS Basic Concepts
LER MPLS domain
IP
Non-MPLS LER LSR LSR
device
LER
LSP
LSR
MPLS Non-MPLS
device
LER
 LSR: Label Switch
Router
 LER: Label Edge Router
 LSP: Label Switch Path

MPLS Basic Concepts (Cont.)
 FEC----Forwarding Equivalent Class
 Set of data flows with the same attributes. These data
flows are processed in the same way by LSRs during
transmission.
 FECs are identified by the address, service type, and QoS.
 During IP forwarding through the longest match

algorithm, packets with the same destination belong to an
FEC.
MPLS Packet
 MPLS packet header locates between layer2 and layer3
L2 Header MPLS Label L3 Header L3 Payload
Label Exp S TTL
0 19 22 23 31
MPLS Label Stacking
Layer2 MPLS MPLS IP header Data

header header header
MPLS nested
Domain
IP L1 IP L2 IP L3 L2 IP L4 L2 IP L2 IP IP
MPLS Domain
Tunnel Technology
 The point to point tunnel provides the path for data
transparently transmission.
 OptiX RTN 910/950/980 can form the tunnel by

 MPLS LSP
 QinQ
Tunnel
A B C D
MPLS tunnel technology
 LSP includes the static LSP and dynamic LSP.
MPLS domain
Ingress Transit Transit Egress

IP network IP network
LER Core LSR Core LSR LER
LSP
MPLS Label Operations
 Label operations include push, swap and pop.
Pus Swap
h
IP LER
L2 IP
L1 IP
L3 IP IP
LER
Swap Pop
Creating the Static LSP
 Static LSPs are manually created by users to assign
labels for each forwarding equivalence class (FEC) .
 The principle followed in manually assigning labels:

 The value of the OUT label on a node is the value of the
IN label on the next node.
Ingress Transit Egress 3.3.3.3/32
MPLS Label Forwarding
 In the MPLS domain, there is a static LSP to the IP host
3.3.3.3/32
H
G I
300 200 100

Eth0 Eth0 Eth2 Eth1 Eth2 Eth0 Eth3
A B C D 3.3.3.3/32
(ingress) (transit 1) (transit 2) (egress)
E F
MPLS Label Forwarding Table
 For the former static LSP to the IP host 3.3.3.3/32, the
MPLS label forwarding table in A, B, C, D are:
Node IN interface IN label OUT interface OUT label (next hop)
A (Ingress) FEC push Eth0 300

3.3.3.3/32
B (Transit1) Eth0 300 Eth2 200
C (Transit2) Eth1 200 Eth2 100
D (Egress) Eth0 100 Eth3 pop
MPLS Label Forwarding
 The MPLS forwarding for the former FEC
Push Swap Swap Pop 3.3.3.3/32

300 200 100
Eth0 Eth0 Eth2 Eth1 Eth2 Eth0 Eth3
Ingress Transit1 Transit2 Egress
IP Packet IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3 Label:300 Label:20 Label:100
To:3.3.3.3
IP Packet 0 Packet
IP IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3 To:3.3.3.3 To:3.3.3.3
MPLS Tunnel Application
 The MPLS tunnel application in OptiX RTN 910/950/980:
Node B
RNC
MPLS TTL Processing
 Uniform Mode
CE PE P PE CE
MPLS Domain
MPLS
TTL254
MPLS MPLS
TTL254 TTL253
IP TTL IP TTL IP IP TTL
255 254 TTL 252
254
MPLS TTL Processing (Cont.)
 Pipe Mode
CE PE P PE CE
MPLS MPLS
TTL100 TTL 99
MPLS MPLS
TTL100 TTL100
IP TTL IP TTL IP IP TTL
255 254 TTL 253
254
Summary
 Background of the MPLS
 MPLS concepts: LER, LSR, LSP, FEC
 MPLS label structure and label stacking
 MPLS tunnel technology: ingress, transit, egress, push,

swap, pop, static LSP, dynamic LSP, MPLS Label
Forwarding
 MPLS TTL processing
Contents
1. IP Overview
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
Contents
3. MPLS OAM
3.1 MPLS Tunnel Failure Detection
3.2 MPLS OAM
MPLS Ping
 MPLS ping is used for LSP failure detection
5.5.5.5/32 4.4.4.4/32
MPLS Echo Request message (TTL:255)
1.1.1.0/30 2.2.2.0/30 3.3.3.0/30

Tunnel (LSP)
MPLS Echo Request reply
MPLS Traceroute
 MPLS traceroute is used for LSP failure locating
5.5.5.5/32 Echo reply 4.4.4.4/32
Echo reply
Echo reply
1.1.1.0/30 2.2.2.0/30 3.3.3.0/30
Tunnel (LSP)
Echo Request (TTL:1)
Functions of MPLS OAM
 MPLS OAM must realize the following functions:
 MPLS OAM provides on-demand and continuous connectivity
verification of LSPs to confirm that faults do not exist on the
monitored LSPs.
 If a fault occurs, MPLS OAM must detect, diagnose, and locate

the fault, notify the NMS of the fault, and take actions
appropriate to the fault type.
 MPLS OAM functions must be backward compatible.
 MPLS OAM has the capability to measure the availability and

network performance of an LSP and provide information for user
accounting.
MPLS OAM Packets
 MPLS OAM packets can be classified into three types:
 Connectivity verification packets
 CV（Connectivity Verification）
 FFD（Fast Failure Detection）
 FDI (Forward Defect Indication) packets
 BDI (Backward Defect Indication) packets
Connectivity Verification Packets
 CV Detection
 For the CV detection on the egress, the egress sets a
sliding window to 3 seconds and judges the LSP status
according to the CV packet received in the sliding window.
 FFD Detection
 For the FFD detection on the egress, the egress sets a
sliding window as three times as the interval for sending
the FFD packet and judges the LSP status according to the
FFD packet received in the sliding window.
Backward Defect Indication
Packets
 MPLS OAM BDI Detection Case
LSP Out-label
Transit LSR
14:OAM Alert
CV/FFD
Source LSR Sink LSR
LSP Out-label
14:OAM Alert
backwar BDI
d Transit LSR
tunnels
Questions
 What’s the difference between CV packet and FFD
packet?
Contents
1. IP Overview
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
Ethernet Frame Structure
46---1500 bytes
DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS
64---1518 bytes
Length/Type Mean
Ethernet_II Length/T > 1500 Type of the frame
802.3 Length/T <=

Length of the frame
1500
VLAN Application
DA SA TPID (8100) VLAN Ethernet Data
VLAN Frame
6 6 2 2 N
Ethernet frame VLAN 1

VLAN 2 with VLAN tag 1
Ethernet frame
without VLAN
Ethernet frame
flag
with VLAN tag 2
VLAN 1 VLAN 2
QinQ Overview
 QinQ is the VLAN (IEEE 802.1Q) stacking technology
DA SA TPID (8100) VLAN Ethernet Data
6 6 2 2 N
VLAN Frame
DA SA TPID (8100) S-VLAN TPID (8100) C-VLAN Ethernet data
6 6 2 2 2 2 N
QinQ Frame
Application Scenario of QinQ
Summary
 IP address classification and application
 MPLS basic concepts and tunnel technologies
 MPLS failure detection and OAM functions
 QinQ application
Thank you
www.huawei.com

05-IP and MPLS Tunnel Introduction

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

05-IP and MPLS Tunnel Introduction

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

IP and MPLS Tunnel

Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 The packet transmission solution can encapsulate the

 The course is the basics for the further study of OptiX

 Describe the basic principle of IP routing

 Describe the basic concepts of MPLS

 Describe the MPLS tunnel (LSP) creation procedure

 Outline the MPLS OAM functions

2. MPLS Tunnel Technology

1.1 TCP/IP Protocol Overview

1.2 IP Address Introduction and Configuration

1.3 IP Routing Overview

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Physical Interfaces and Binary data flow

DA SA Type Data FCS

DA SA QTag Type Data FCS

2-Bytes 3-bits 1-bit 12-bits

0x8100 Pri CFI VLAN ID

Ethernet Frame with IEEE 802.I Q Tag

 Generally, use dotted-decimal to represent it

 32-bit string, represented by dotted-decimal

 Mask for class B: 255.255.0.0

11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001

11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000

Network Part Subnet Part Host Part

 IP Subnet: 192.168.1.16 255.255.255.240 or 192.168.1.16/28

 Subnet numbers: 2n ( n=4, 24=16)

 Host numbers: 2m-2 ( m=4, 24 – 2 = 14)

2. MPLS Tunnel Technology

 IP header is parse at each hop, resulting in low efficiency

 It is difficult to deploy QoS and the efficiency is rather low

 All routers are expected to know all routes in the entire

Virtual Channel Connection

 Routing depends on link layer, based on VPI/VCI or label

 Ensure QoS and real-time service

 Layer 3 routing-scalable and flexible

 Layer 2 switching-high reliability and traffic engineering

 LER: Label Edge Router

 LSP: Label Switch Path

 FECs are identified by the address, service type, and QoS.

 During IP forwarding through the longest match

L2 Header MPLS Label L3 Header L3 Payload

Label Exp S TTL

Layer2 MPLS MPLS IP header Data

 OptiX RTN 910/950/980 can form the tunnel by

 LSP includes the static LSP and dynamic LSP.

Ingress Transit Transit Egress

LER Core LSR Core LSR LER

 The principle followed in manually assigning labels:

Ingress Transit Egress 3.3.3.3/32

300 200 100

Node IN interface IN label OUT interface OUT label (next hop)

A (Ingress) FEC push Eth0 300

B (Transit1) Eth0 300 Eth2 200

C (Transit2) Eth1 200 Eth2 100

D (Egress) Eth0 100 Eth3 pop

Push Swap Swap Pop 3.3.3.3/32

 MPLS concepts: LER, LSR, LSP, FEC

 MPLS label structure and label stacking

 MPLS tunnel technology: ingress, transit, egress, push,