S-shaped or sigmoid kidney

Simple crossed ectopia with fusion

Horseshoe kidney
Pelvic cake or lump kidney
 Adrenal
pheochromocytoma
Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
 Renal Stones (Calculi)

Midureteral obstruction Distal ureteral obstruction Ureteropelvic obstruction

Common sites
of obstruction
Obstructive Uropathy
Malignant Tumors of the Kidney
Urinary Tract Infections
Acute trigonitis
Stress Incontinence in Women
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Extension of carcinoma into bladder,
peritoneum, and rectal wall
Urethral Trauma in the Male
Straddle Injury
Injury due to fracture of pelvis
Injury from within (false passage)
Direct external trauma
Penetrating injury
(impalement)
Perforation by periurethral abscess
Urine Extravasation in the Male
Perforation of urethra without penetration of Buck’s
fascia
Perforation of urethra with
penetration of Buck’s fascia
Prostatomembranous junction injury
Hypospadias and Epispadias
Glanular hypospadias

Penile hypospadias

Penoscrotal hypospadias
(with chordee)
Scrotal hypospadias
(bifid scrotum, chordee)
Complete epispadias
Penile epispadias