Wireless and Mobile Communications

By
Abhijit Bhowmick
SENSE
VIT, Vellore, TN, India

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OFDM subchannels

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 MCM

B
f0 
B N
 fi   i f 0   i
N
Transmission BW  (N  1) f
1 B
where f  
Ts N
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 Problem

 A 64 Kbps voice frame is to be modulated by OFDM scheme. The

duration of OFDM symbol is 1000  s . Total of 32 subcarriers are to
be designed to this frame. Find out
a) The null-to-null subchannel BW
b) Total BW occupied, and
c) The number of bits in OFDM frame.

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 Problem

1
a ) f   0.001MHz  1KHz
Ts
Null  to  null BW  2f  2 KHz
b) N  32
Transmission BW  (N  1) f  33KHz
1
c) Bit duration   15.625 s
64  103
No. of bits per frame  1000 / 15.625  64bits

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Problem

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 Problem

Considering the typical case, five 100 kHz channels are placed nearer
to each other modulated by single-carrier scheme with five different
carriers. If the same five carriers are placed orthogonally to each
other, compare the occupied bandwidth in both the cases and find out
the saving in bandwidth due to multicarrier scheme.

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 Problem

For sin gle  carrier system,

Re quired BW  5 100  500 kHz (without guard interval)

For multi  carrier system,

100
f   50 KHz
2
N 5
Transmission BW  (N  1)f  (5  1)50  300 KHz
The saving of BW is (500  300)  200 kHz

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 OFDM

Modulation
Channel S/P (M-
Coding conversion PSK/QAM)
exp  jwnt 
exp  jw1t 
exp  jw0t 

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 OFDM

n=N

N
OFDM signal   si exp  jwi t 
i 1

IFFT

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 Tx section in OFDM

Modulation
Channel S/P (M- IFFT
Coding conversion PSK/QAM)

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 FFT and IFFT processing


X 0 , X1, X 2... X (N1)

Tx N-


point
Channel y (0), y (1), y (2)... y ( N  1)
IFFT

N-
Rx
point
x(0), x(1), x(2)...x( N  1)
FFT

X 0 , X1, X 2... X (N1)

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 FFT and IFFT processing

h  h 0, h 1,.........h n 
In absence of noise, the received signal is
y  h. x

n-th received signal can be denoted as

y (n)  h(0) x(n)  h(1) x(n  1)  h(2) x(n  2) 

...  h( L  1) x(n  L  1)

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 Inter block interference (IBI) /ISI

2 consecutive OFDM symbols:

X 0 , X1, X 2 , X3,......, X N 2 , X N 1 X 0 , X1, X 2 ,.........X N 2 , X N 1

IFFT IFFT

x(0), x(1), x(2), x(3),......, x(N  1) x(0), x(1), x(2),.........x(N 1), x(N 2)

Tx samples of OFDM symb-1 Tx samples of OFDM symb-2

Inter block interference (IBI) /ICI

y (0)  h(0) x(0)  h(1) x(N  1)  h(2) x(N  2) 

...  h( N  L  1) x( L  1)
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How IBI/ICI can be removed?

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 Cyclic prefixing

y (0)  h(0) x(0)  h(1) x(N  1)  h(2) x(N  2) 

...  h( N  L  1) x( L  1)

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 Problem

Modulation
Channel S/P (M- Add
IFFT
Coding conversion PSK/QAM) CP/GP

T1  Tdata  TGI
 Guard interval (GI) preserve the orthogonality of the symbol carriers and
independence of subsequent OFDM symbols in multipath scenario.
 GI should be larger than maximum excess delay of the radio channel
(worst case scenario).

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 Windowing
 A rectangular pulse has a
very large BW due to the
sidelobes of its spectrum
(due to sinc function).

 Windowing eliminate these

unwanted sidelobes and
reduce the signal power
transmitted out of band

 Hamming window, Hanning window, and

Bartlet window etc. can be used.

 It is considered as a pulse shaping filter.

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 OFDM Transmission frame
Bits for
Bits for CP/GI Bits for Data
Windowing

T  Tdata  TGI  Twin

T  T1 f  f1

TFFT  Tdata

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 Synchronization in OFDM frame
o Three synchronization problems arises : symbol, sampling frequency, and
carrier frequency synchronisation.
o Pilot subcarrier is basically a reference signal known to the receiver and is
used to estimate the channel means it is used measure the current channel
behaviour such as channel delay, phase, and channel power etc.
o DC subcarrier is the subcarrier whose frequency is equal to the RF
centre frequency of the transmitting station. It corresponds to frequency
zero (Direct Current) if the FFT signal is not modulated.
o The center subcarrier (DC subcarrier) is inactive. The center subcarrier
provides a distinctive notch which can be easily detected by a receiver, and
viewed with a spectrum analyzer. This allows the receiver to quickly find
the center and begin synchronization.

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LTE OFDM frame

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OFDM frame with 64 point FFT

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 OFDM

N
OFDM signal   si exp  jwi t 
i 1

OFDM signal  sk t  kT 
  N /2 j 2  f c   t  kT  
 i

Re wt  kT   xi , k e  T   if t  t  t
sk t  kT      1
  i N / 2 2

 0 otherwise

t1  kT  TGI  Twin
t 2  kT  Tdata  Twin

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 OFDM

1
Tsc 
Rsc

Symbol time for single Symbol rate for single

carrier carrier

A received symbol can theoretically be

influenced by
 max Maximum excess delay
ISI 
Tsc

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 OFDM

1
Tmc 
Rmc

Symbol time for multi- Symbol rate for multi-

carrier carrier

In multicarrier system, a received symbol

can theoretically be influenced by

 max Maximum excess delay

ISI 
Tmc

How Tmc is related to Tsc if there are N number of subcarriers ?

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 OFDM

1
Tmc 
Rmc

Symbol time for multi- Symbol rate for multi-

carrier carrier

In multicarrier system, a received symbol

can theoretically be influenced by

 max Maximum excess delay

ISI 
Tmc

How Tmc is related to Tsc if there are N number of subcarriers ?

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 OFDM

Rsc
Rmc 
N

1 N
Tmc    NTsc
Rmc Rsc

 max  max
ISI  
Tmc NTsc

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 OFDM

In the case of DVB, if Nc = 6817, find out the ISI for the maximum
delay spread of 0.67 µs. The bit rate of the system is 2 Mbps.
Assume 16 QAM modulation mapping.

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 OFDM

Symbol time for 16 QAM modulation = 4 X Tb

Symbol rate (Rsc) = 1/ Symbol time Tb = 1/ Rb = 1/ 2 µs

=1/ (4 X Tb )
= Rb / 4 Tsc = 4 X Tb = 2 µs
= 2/4 = 0.5 Mbps

Therefore, Tsc = 1/ Rsc = 2 µs

 max 0.67 µs
ISI    0.00004
NTsc 6817 X 2 µs

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 Problem
Tx OFDM
signal
Up-
P/S RF
Channel OFDM Convers
D/A convert amplifier
Coding modulation ion to
er
IF

Channel Coding (FEC):

Convolution
Scrambler Puncher Interleaver
Encoder

OFDM modulation :

Pilot Cyclic prefix

Mapper IFFT
insertion insertion

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 OFDM

 Multicarrier system replaces the single carrier serial high data

rate with a number of slower parallel data streams.

 Each parallel data stream then modulates each subcarrier.

 If there are N number of subcarrier, allocated time for each data

stream is expanded by N times, i.e. NTsc .

 As symbol time increases, ISI decreases.

 The summation of all individual sub-channel data rates is the

desired symbol rate.

 Sub-carriers are orthogonal to each other and they are

separated by Δf = B/N = 1/ NTsc

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 OFDM

Consider after coding, the coded signal is BPSK modulated. Let the
BPSK modulated bit stream is

{1, 1, -1,-1,1,1,1,-1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,1,1}

If system has 4 carriers. Therefore each sub-symbol consists of 4

BPSK bits.

symbol 1=[1,1,-1,-1]

symbol 2=[1,1,1,-1]

symbol 3=[1,-1,-1,-1]
N 1
 j 2 nk 
Find IDFT of symbol 1. Use X (k )   si exp  
i 0  N 

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Synchronisation in OFDM

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Carrier frequency offset

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 Synchronisation in OFDM

 Symbol synchronisation.

--- If there is timing offset in terms of starting point, it gives

rise to phase rotation of subcarriers.

 Sampling synchronisation.

--- If there is any sampling timing offset, the useful signal

component is rotated and attenuated.
--- lack of sampling synchronisation may lead to ICI.

 Carrier frequency synchronisation.

--- If there is any offset exists, reduces signal amplitude.

--- subcarriers loss their orthogonality and introduces ICI.

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OFDM Transmitter and Receiver

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