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MAIN COMPONENTS:
INLET PIPE
IMPELLER DISC AND
IMPELLER
DIFFUSER
CASING
COLLECTION CHAMBER
OUTLET PIPE
WORKING PRINCIPLE
THE GAS ENTERS THE IMPELLER EYE OF A
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR IN AN AXIAL
DIRECTION WITH ABSOLUTE V1. THE GAS THEN
FLOWS RADIALLY THROUGH THE IMPELLER
PASSAGE DUE TO CENTRIFUGAL FORCE. THE
IMPELLER ROTATES AT A VERY HIGH SPEED
(20000 TO 30000 RPM). ENERGY IS IMPARTED TO
THE GAS BY THE ROTATING BLADES WHERE IT
IS CONVERTED INTO KINETIC ENERGY AS IT
MOVES FROM RADIUS r1 TO r2, ALONG WITH A
SMALL PRESSURE RISE DURING ITS RADIAL
FLOW IN THE IMPELLER.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
THE GAS LEAVING FROM THE IMPELLER
BLADES IS TURNED THROUGH AN ANGLE β2,
AND LEAVES WITH AN ABSOLUTE VELOCITY V2
AT AN ANGLE α2. THE GAS THEN ENTERS THE
DIFFUSER. THE DIFFUSER SURROUNDING THE
IMPELLER CONVERTS THE K.E. INTO PRESSURE
ENERGY. HENCE THERE IS RISE IN STATIC
PRESSURE OF THE GAS. GAS THEN ENTERS
THE CASING, AND THE OUTLET PIPE, WHERE
SOME MORE K.E. IS CONVERTED INTO
PRESSURE ENERGY.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
SINCE THE IMPELLERS ARE HIGHLY STRESSED,
STRAIGHT VANES ARE NORMALLY PREFERRED.
CURVED VANES WOULD STRAIGHTEN OUT
UNDER THE ACTION OF THE CENTRIFUGAL
FORCE INVOLVED WHICH IS CONSIDERABLE.
CHOICE OF RADIAL VANES LARGELY
DETERMINES THE PRESSURE RISE THAT WILL
BE DIVIDED APPROXIMATELY EQUALLY
BETWEEN THE IMPELLER & DIFFUSER.
STATIC & STAGNATION VALUES
STEADY STATE EQUATION
u1 + P1v1 + V12/2 = u2 + P2v2 1 Q=0 2
+ V22/2
T2, P2, V2
SINCE ENTHALPY h = u +Pv
h1 + V12/2 = h2 + V22/2 T1, P1, V1
2
0
Diffuser
Impeller
Inlet
1
casing
channel
WORK DONE
VELOCITY OF THE GAS AT THE
INLET IS AXIAL ; α1 = 90
β1
DEGREES; Vw1 = 0 ; V1 = Vf1
AC = u2 = Vw2 without slip ; ΔACE – Vr1
V1
without slip
BD = u2 with slip; ΔBDE –
with slip u1
AB = SLIP = Vw2 – Vw2’ ; BC =
Vw2’ INLET VELOCITY Δ
The relative velocity of the gas Vr1 at A B C D
the inlet makes an angle β1, with the α2 α2’ β2 β2’
direction of motion. The gas flows V2’ Vf2= Vr2
through the impeller and is turned
through an angle 90 degrees and V2 Vr2’
ideally, the outlet is in radial direction
i.e. the absolute velocity at exit V2 ,
is such that its whirl component is E
equal to u2. OUTLET VELOCITY Δ
WORK DONE
β2 = 90 degrees ; u2 = Vw2 ; Vr2 = Vf2 = ideal case
Euler’s equation Work Done = (Vw1u1 +-Vw2u2)/g
Since it is a power absorbing machine
W.D = (Vw2u2 -Vw1u1)/g ; Vw1 = 0 ; W.D= u2Vw2/g
W.D = u22/g ; since Vw2 = u2 or W.D = Vw22/g
WORK DONE
Work done in an adiabatic process INLET VELOCITY Δ
Δh0= u2Vw2 =u22*[Vw2/u2]
From outlet velocity Δ: V1 = Vf1 =Vf2 = Vr1
V1= Vf1
u1*tan β1 (for constant radial velocity)
β1
From outlet velocity Δ :
u2=Vw2+Vf2*cotβ2 ; u1
u2 - Vf2* cotβ2 =Vw2
u2
1-Vf2/u2 *cotβ2 = Vw2/u2 Vw2
α2 β2
W.D = u22 *[1-Vf2/u2*cotβ2]
Vf2
Since V2/sinβ2 =u2/sin(α2+β2)
Vw2 = V2*cosα2 V2 Vr2
Vw2/u2=sinβ2cosα2/(sinα2cosβ2+cosα2sinβ2)
Vw2/u2= tanβ2/(tanα2 + tanβ2)
OUTLET VELOCITY Δ
WORK DONE
Vw2/u2= tanβ2/(tanα2 + tanβ2)= [1-Vf2/u2 *cotβ2 ]
W.D = u22 *Vw2/u2
ENTHALPY- ENTROPY DIAGRAM
DURING THE COMPRESSION PROCESS A CONSIDERABLE
AMOUNT OF ENERGY SUPPLIED TO THECOMPRESSOR IS
WASTED IN CHURNING UP THE WORKING FLUID.
THIS ENERGY DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO THE
PRESSURE RISE BUT IS CONVERTED INTO HEAT BY
FRICTION.
THE OUTCOME IS THAT THE TEMPERATURE OF THE
WORKING FLUID IS HIGHER AT THE END OF THE
COMPRESSION THAN IT WOULD HAVE BEEN HAD THE
PROCESS BEEN FULLY AND TRULY ISENTROPIC.
HENCE MORE WORK INPUT TO THE COMPRESSOR IS
REQUIRED AND THEREBY THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
COMPRESSOR COMES INTO PICTURE.
ENTHALPY- ENTROPY DIAGRAM
p02
p2
02
V22/(2Cp)
2 p01
p1
h 02’
Actual process
of compression Wa
Wisen 2’
Isentropic
process
01
V12/(2Cp)
1
s
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY
p02
02
Irreversible Process
02’ p2
FINAL STATE
2 p01
h
2’
p1
01
Reversible
process
INITIAL STATE
1
s
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY
COMPRESSION EFFICIENCY BASED ON TOTAL
TO TOTAL ηct-t = (h02’ – h01)/(h02- h01) = (T02’ –
T01)/(T02-T01) based on stagnation properties at entry & exit
ηct-t = Isentropic compression work / Actual
compression work
COMPRESSION EFFICIENCY BASED ON TOTAL
TO STATIC ηct-s = (h2’ – h01)/(h02-h01)
COMPRESSION EFFICIENCY BASED ON STATIC
TO TOTAL ηcs-t = (h02’ – h1)/(h02-h01)
COMPRESSION EFFICIENCY BASED ON STATIC
TO STATIC ηcs-s = (h2’ – h1)/(h02-h01)
Based on static properties at entry & exit
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY
STAGNATION PRESSURE RATIO pr0 = p02’/p01
=p02/p01
STATIC PRESSURE RATIO pr =p2’/p1 = p2/p1
pr0 = p02/p01 =[T02’/T01]γ/(γ-1)
T02’ = T01 * (pr0)(γ-1)/γ ; T02’ - T01 = T01 * (pr0)(γ-1)/γ -
T01
T02’ - T01 = T01 * { (pr0)(γ-1)/γ – 1 }
ηct-t = (h02’ – h01)/(h02-h01) = (T02’ – T01)/(T02-T01)
= T01 * { (pr0)(γ-1)/γ – 1 }*cp /[cp(T02-T01)]
ηct-t = T01 * { (pr0)(γ-1)/γ – 1 }*cp /Wa
Wa= T01 * { (pr0)(γ-1)/γ – 1 }*cp / ηct-t
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY
If gas velocities at the entry & exit of a stage are
almost same and can be neglected
Wa = (h02 – h01) = (h2 – h1) = cp(T2 – T1)
Wisen s-s = (h2’ – h1) = cp(T2’ – T1)
ηcs-s = (h2’ – h1)/(h02-h01) = cp(T2’ – T1)/ [cp(T2 – T1)]
ηcs-s = (T2’ – T1)/ [(T2 – T1)]
T2’ - T1 = T1 * { (pr0)(γ-1)/γ – 1 }
ηcs-s = T1 * { (pr0)(γ-1)/γ – 1 }/[(T2 – T1)]
Wa = cp (T2 – T1) = T1 *cp { (pr0)(γ-1)/γ – 1 }/ ηcs-s
POLYTROPIC EFFICIENCY
A compressor stage can be viewed as made up of an
infinite number of small stages. To account for a
compression in an infinitesimal stage, poltropic
efficiency is defined for an elemental compression
process. 2 P2
Small Compressor Stage
P + dP
2’
h P
dT
P1
dT’
s
POLYTROPIC EFFICIENCY
For an isentropic process, the relationship between
pressure & temperature is given by :
p2/p1= [V1/V2]γ = [ρ2/ρ1] γ = [ T2/T1]γ/(γ-1)
T/P (γ-1)/γ ; (T+dT’) -T = T [ {(p+dp)/p}(γ-1)/γ -1 ]
ηp = (T+dT’ –T)/(T+dT – T)
dT/T = [(1+dp/p)(γ-1)/γ – 1]/ ηp
Ignoring higher order terms dT/T = [(1+ (γ-1)/γ dp/p]/ ηp
Integrating between limits of full compression from P1 to P2 and
taking γ as constant
ln(T2/T1) = 1/ηp *[(γ-1)/γ *ln(P2/P1)
T2/T1 =[P2/P1]1/ηp *(γ-1)/γ =[P2/P1]ε/ηp ; ε = (γ-1)/γ
POLYTROPIC EFFICIENCY
If the reversible adiabatic compression process is
assumed to be equivalent to a polytrophic process
with polytropic index n, the following relationship
between temperature and pressure will exist:
(T2/T1)= (P2/P1)(n-1)/n
1/ηp *(γ-1)/γ = (n-1)/n
ηp = (γ-1)/γ * n/(n-1)
So polytropic efficiency is also called as small
stage or infinitesimal stage efficiency.
FINITE STAGE EFFICIENCY
Taking static value of temperature & pressure, stage efficiency is
defined as ηs = (T2’ – T1)/(T2 – T1)
The finite stage or stage efficiency can be expressed in terms of
small stage or polytropic efficiency
(T2’ – T1) = T1 (T2’ /T1 – 1) = T1[(P2/P1)(γ-1)/γ -1)]
And T2 – T1 = T1[T1/T2 – 1] = T1 [ (P2/P1)1/ηp *(γ-1)/γ - 1)]
ηs= [(P2/P1)(γ-1)/γ -1)]/[ (P2/P1)1/ηp *(γ-1)/γ - 1)]
For multistage compressor with a constant stage pressure ratio,
the overall pressure ratio is given by:
Pr0 =PN+1/P1 = (P2/P1)N ; where N is the number of stages and
PN+1 is the pressure at the end of Nth stage
For multistage compression ηs is replaced by ηcs-s of the
compressor and Pr by the overall pressure ratio Pr0
ηcs-s= [(Pr0)(γ-1)/γ -1)]/[ (Pr0)1/ηp *(γ-1)/γ - 1)]
PREHEAT FACTOR IN COMPRESSORS
P03
03
03s
h
P02
03ss P01
02
02s
01
s
PREHEAT FACTOR IN COMPRESSORS
s W si
i 1
cs s Ws
PREHEAT FACTOR IN COMPRESSORS
W si
i 1
1 FOR N STAGES
Ws
Ws
N
cs s / s P.F PREHEAT FACTOR < 1
W
i 1
si
PREHEAT FACTOR IN COMPRESSORS
Forward Tipped
Radial Tipped
1
Pressure
Coefficient
ψ
Backward Tipped
Flow Coefficient
φ
DEGREE OF REACTION
R = (Pressure rise in rotor (impeller))/(Pressure rise in the stage)
R = (Δpr)/(Δp0)s
(Δpr) = ρ/(2g)[u22 – u12] + ρ/(2g)[Vr12 – Vr22]
From inlet velocity triangle Vr12 – u12 = V12
(Δpr) = ρ/(2g) * [ u22 – Vr22 + V12] = ρ/(2g) * [u22 – Vr22
+ Vf22] ; since α1 = 90 degrees , V1 = Vf1 = Vf2
From exit velocity triangle Vr22 – Vf22 = [ Vw2 – u2]2
u22 – Vr22 + Vf22 = 2u2Vw2 – Vw22
(Δpr) =ρ/(2g) * [ 2u2Vw2 – Vw22]
R = {ρ/(2g) * [ 2u2Vw2 – Vw22]}/{ρ/(2g) * Vw2u2}
R= 1 – Vw2/(2u2)
DEGREE OF REACTION
BACKWARD CURVED VANES (β2 < 90 )
Vw2/u2 < 1 ; R < 1
RADIAL BLADES (β2 = 90 )
Vw2 = u2 ; R =0.5
FORWARD CURVED VANES (β2 > 90 )
Vw2>u2 ; R < 0.5
DEGREE OF REACTION
DEGREE OF REACTION R = Static component of energy
transfer/(Dynamic + Static) components of energy transfer
R = S /(D + S) ; S = RD/(1-R)
If β2 = 90 degrees ; R=0.5 ; S = D; Static pressure
rise in the rotor = change in absolute K.E.
When R =0 ; there is no change of static pressure
possible inside the machine i.e. the machine is
having impulse blade.
PROCESS ON h-s DIAGRAM
p02 p03
02 03 Final stage in
p3 collector
SLIP
B D
V2
VEL. Δ WITHOUT SLIP
V2’ Vr2 =Vf2
Vr2’
VEL. Δ WITH SLIP
Vf2’
β2= 90 β2’
RADIAL CURVED VANES β2 = 90
Vw2’ C
u2 = Vw2
SLIP FACTOR
σ = Vw2/u2
W.D = σu22/g = Δh0
FRICTIONAL LOSSES
TOTAL LOSS
LOSS
INCIDENCE LOSSES
MASS FLOW
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
Because of compressor losses as well as the exit kinetic
energy, the actual pressure rise is less than the theoretical
specified by the impeller tip speed. This is expressed by a
quantity called pressure coefficient φp.
Φp = Isentropic Work required for actual pressure rise/
Isentropic work required by the impeller tip speed
Φp = Isentropic work/ Euler Work
Φp = ∆h’/W.D = Cp *[T3’ – T1]/u22
Φp = Cp *T1[T3’ / T1 – 1]/u22
Φp = Cp *T1[(Pr0)(γ-1)/γ– 1]/u22
W.D = σu22= Δh0 = Cp (T03 – T01) ; (T03 – T01) = σu22/ Cp
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
Overall total to total compressor efficiency = ηct-t0
ηct-t0 = Total isentropic enthalpy rise between inlet &
exit/(Actual enthalpy rise between the same total pressure
limits)
ηct-t0 = (h03’ – h01)/(h03 – h01) = (T03’ – T01)/(T03 – T01)
Energy balance between the impeller inlet (1-1) and the diffuser
exit (3-3) ; ∆h0 = h03 – h01 = [ h3 + V32/2 ] – [h1 + V12/2]
The diffuser design should be such that the exit velocity from
the diffuser must be equal to the inlet absolute velocity to the
impeller.
∆h0 = h03 – h01 = h3 – h1 = Cp (T3 – T1) ;
Hence ηct-t0 = (h3’ – h1)/(h3 – h1) = (T3’ – T1)/(T3 – T1)
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
Φp = ∆h’/W.D = Cp *[T3’ – T1]/u22
T3’ – T1 = Φp * u22/Cp = ηct-t0 (T3 – T1) = ηct-t0 (T03 – T1)
Also W.D = ∆h0 = σu22 = Cp(T03 – T01)
(T03 – T01) = (T03 – T1) = σu22 /Cp
Φp * u22/Cp = ηct-t0 (σu22 /Cp)
Φp = ηct-t0 * σ
COMPRESSOR
CHARACTERISTICS
forward
backward
Mass flow
When the valve in delivery side is shut and the mass flow rate is zero, the
pressure ratio will have some value A.
As the valve is opened, flow commences and diffuser begins to influence the
pressure rise, for which the pressure ratio increases.
SURGING PHENOMENON
There is an unstable limit of operation of compressors
called SURGING.
Caused due to:
UNSTEADY
PERIODIC, and
Reversal of flow through the compressor when the
compressor has to operate at less mass flow rate than the
predetermined value.
SURGING PHENOMENON
BY CLOSING THE VALVE OPERATING
POINT SHIFTS TO LEFT (MAXIMUM PPR.
RATIO OBTAINED
D B