In 1940’s the technique of pre loading was developed and is mainly was

used in the projects connected to highways. But now a days this technique
was found very useful and is used for a variety of projects such as buildings,
storage tanks, flood control structures and airfield etc.
But this treatment is very effective for the soils having high moisture
contents, high compressibility and low shearing strength
preloading:
The process of compression of soil under application of vertical load
before actual construction i.e placement of final constructionload is
known as preloading
Applications of Preloading of Soil
• Reduce post-construction
• Settlement
• Reduce secondary compression.
• Densification
• Improve bearing capacity
Methodology of preloading:
1. Before starting the proposed construction the weak soils are improved
by applying pre loading technique.
2. The magnitude of the pre load pressure usually rages from 1.2 to 1.3
times of the actual structural pressure or is slightly greater than the
maximum pressure that is generated by the proposed structural load.
3. Earth fills, water lowering, vacuum under impervious membrane are
some of the techniques used for applying pre-load.
4. Once the settlement under the pre load is completed, the preload is
removed is removed and the construction of the structure is started.
By the use of vertical sand drains the consolidation process can be
increased which reduces the time of pre loading.
Merits of pre loading technique:
1. The reduction in the post construction settlement is achieved

2. They usually reduce the considerable cost of the pre loading process, it is
important because usually pre loading processes are quite expensive.

3. One of the best merits of this technique is that it is almost free of noise and
vibration problems that are faced in other technique. Therefore it is preferable in
those places where environmental restrictions are involved
Dynamic compaction:
Dynamic compaction is a ground improvement
technique that dansifies soils and fills by using a drop weight. The drop
weight, typically hardened steel plates, are lifted by a crane and
repeatedly dropped on the ground surface
1. The weight that is used, depends on the degree of compaction desired
and is between 6tonne to 172tonne.
2. The height varies from 10m to 40m
3. In cohesion less soils, these waves create liquefaction that is followed
by the compaction of the soil,
4. In cohesive soils, they create an increased amount of pore water
pressure that is followed by the compaction of the soil
TYPES OF DYNAMIC COMPACTION :
1.Dynamic consolidation
2.Dynamic replacement
3.Rotational dynamic compaction
4.Rapid impact dynamic compaction
Dynamic Consolidation
1.It is the compaction of unsaturated or highly permeable
saturated granular materials by heavy tamping The response to
tamping is immediate
2.The improvement by heavy tamping of saturated cohesive
materials in which the response totamping is largely time
dependent Excess pore water pressures are generated as a
result of tamping and dissipate over several hours or days after
tamping.
Dynamic replacement :
The formation by heavy tamping of large pillars of imported
granular soil with in the body of soft saturated soil to be
improved
The original soil is highly compressed and consolidated
between the pillar sand the excess pore pressure generated
requires several hours to dissipate.
The pillars are used both for soil reinforcement and drainage
Rotational Dynamic Compaction:

1. A new dynamic compaction technique which makes use of

the free fall energy as well as rotational energy of the tamper
called Rotational Dynamic Compaction (RDC).
2. The technique increases depth of improvement in granular
soils
Rapid dynamic compaction
Dynamic energy is imparted by a 7.5 ton weight dropping from a
controlled height on to a patented foot. Energy is transferred to the
ground safely and efficiently as the RIC’s foot remains in contact with
the ground. No flying debris is ejected. RIC densifies loose fill soils up to
20 feet deep or more. The benefit from the rapid compaction is it
increases the bearing capacity of the soil, minimizes settlement and
provides uniform support for a floor slab or foundation footing, while
controlling vibrations to 2 inches per second within 30 feet of the drop
point. RIC is a great alternative when compared to the time and cost of
over-excavation and re-compaction