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For distribution :
Transmission system:
1. Primary transmission
2. Secondary transmission
Distribution system
1. Primary distribution
2. Secondary distribution.
Generating station :
Secondary transmission:
At the receiving station (RS) the voltage is reduced to 33kV by step-
down transformers.
Electric power is transmitted at 33kV by 3-phase, 3-wire overhead
system to various sub-stations (SS) located at the
Primary distribution:
Secondary distribution:
11 kV is delivered to distribution sub-stations (DS).
The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any
phase and neutral is 220 V.
1. Feeders
2. Distributors
3. Service mains
General layout of electricity
networks. Voltages and
depictions of electrical lines
are typical for Germany and
other European systems.
The electric power can be transmitted either by means of d.c. or
a.c.
Each system has its own merits and demerits.
1. D.C. transmission
3. The d.c. switches and circuit breakers have their own limitations
2. A.C. transmission:
Electrical energy is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and
distributed in the form of AC.
Advantages:
1. The power can be generated at high voltages.
2. The maintenance of AC sub-stations is easy and cheaper.
3. The AC voltage can be stepped up or stepped down .
Disadvantages:
1. Requires more copper than a DC line.
2. Complicated construction than a DC transmission line.
3. Effective resistance of the line is increased due to skin effect.
4. Continuous loss of power due to charging current even
when the line is open due to the capacitance of AC line
Conclusion
High voltage DC transmission is superior to high voltage AC
transmission.
The longest HVDC link in the world is currently the Xiangjiaba-Shanghai 2,071 km 6400 MW link
a =P2 ρ ɭ / W V2 cos2φ
= 3 a ɭ = 3 x [P2 ρ ɭ /W V2 cos2φ ] x ɭ
= 3 P2 ρ ɭ 2/ W V2 cos2φ
=P + P2 ρ ɭ / V2 cos2φ a
a = I/J
P
Transmission efficiency =
P[1+ √3 J ρ ɭ / V cosφ ]
= 1
1+ √3 J ρ ɭ / V cosφ
x
From binomial theorem (1 + x)n = 1 + nx/1! + n(n - 1)x2/ 2! + n(n - 1)(n - 2)x3 /3! + ...
1. D.C. system
a) D.C. two-wire.
b) D.C. two-wire with mid-point earthed.
c) D.C. three-wire.
2. Single-phase A.C. system
a) Single-phase two-wire.
b) Single-phase two-wire with mid-point earthed.
c) Single-phase three-wire.
R2 = ρ ɭ /a2
If the load is balanced, the current in the neutral wire is zero.
R3 = ρ ɭ /a3
Load current
I4 = P/[( Vm / √2) x cos φ ]
= √2 P/Vm cos φ
R4 = ρ ɭ /a4
Line losses
W = 2 I24 R4
= 2 [√2 P/Vm cos φ]2 X (ρ ɭ /a4)
=4 P2 ρ ɭ /V2m cos φ2 a4
Area of X-section
a4 = 4 P2 ρ ɭ /W V2m cos2φ
Line losses
W = Same as in 3 phase, 3-wire
= 2P2ρ ɭ /3 a10Vm2cos2φ
Area of X-section, a10 = = 2P2ρ ɭ /3 W Vm2cos2φ
As the that of
any line conductor.
1. Conductors:
usually three for a single-circuit line and six for a double-circuit
line.
usual material is aluminium reinforced with steel
2. Step-up and step-down transformers
use of transformers permits power to be transmitted at high
efficiency
3. Line insulators:
Mechanically support the line conductors.
4. Support:
Generally steel towers and provide support to the conductors.
5. Protective devices:
Ground wires, lightning arrestors, circuit breakers, relays etc.
P1 and P2 are constants and a is the area of X-section of the conductor
d/da (C) = 0
………………….
P2 a =P3 /a
2. Switchgear:
Cost also increases with the increase in transmission voltage.
3. Lightning arrestor:
cost increases rapidly with the increase in transmission voltage.
4. Insulation and supports:
cost increases sharply with the increase in transmission voltage.
5.Conductor:
cost decreases with the increase in transmission voltage
Curve is drawn for of transmission against voltage
V = line voltage in kV
P = maximum kW per phase to be delivered to single circuit
ɭ = distance of transmission line in km
1. Voltage regulation
2. Dependability
3. Balanced voltage
4. Efficiency
5. Frequency
6. Sinusoidal waveform.