Native American Art Before 1300 Ce

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The New World
Native-American
Art Before 1300
CE
Mesoamerica
South America
North America
Native-American Art Before 1300 CE
Native-American Art Before 1300 CE > The New World
The New World

• The New World
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/native-american-art-before-1300-ce-16/the-new-world-884/
Native-American Art Before 1300 CE > Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica
• Cultures of Mesoamerica
• Colossal Heads of the Olmec
• Teotihuacan
• Art of the Maya
• Ceramcis of the Veracruz
• Codices of the Mixtec
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/native-american-art-before-1300-ce-16/mesoamerica-108/
Native-American Art Before 1300 CE > South America
South America
• Ceramics in Early South America
• Architecture in Early South America
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/native-american-art-before-1300-ce-16/south-america-111/
Native-American Art Before 1300 CE > North America
North America
• The Southwest
• Inuit Art
• Woodlands in the East
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/native-american-art-before-1300-ce-16/north-america-112/
Appendix
Key terms
• Anasazi Any of a Native American people who once lived in cliff dwellings in Utah and Colorado.
• Andean Of or pertaining to the Andes mountains in South America.
• anneal Heating the material (generally until glowing) for a while and then slowly letting it cool to room temperature in still air.
• appliqués In the context of ceramics: adding low-relief clay forms to hard surfaces for embellishment.
• Chavin A civilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru from 900 BCE to 200 BCE. They extended their
influence to other civilizations along the coast.
• codices Books constructed of a number of sheets of paper, vellum, papyrus, or similar materials, with hand-written contents.
Codex: singular
• earspools Cylindrical earrings that pierce the earlobe.
• hieroglyphic A type of writing consisting of hieroglyphs, a character (largely pictorial) of the Ancient Egyptian writing system.
• Huacas In Quechua, a Native American language of South America, a huaca or waqa is an object that represents something
revered, typically a monument of some kind. The term huaca can refer to natural locations, such as immense rocks.
• indigenous peoples People defined in international or national legislation as having a set of specific rights based on their
historical ties to a particular territory, and their cultural or historical distinctiveness from other populations that are often
politically dominant.
• Inuit Any of several Aboriginal peoples of coastal Arctic Canada, Alaska, and Greenland.
• jade An ornamental rock with green and blue properties.
• kero A type of wooden drinking vessel produced by the Incas and earlier Andean cultures.
• logographic Type of written language in which the characters/pictures used represent complete words and ideas instead of
syllables or sounds.
• long-nosed god maskette Small shield-shaped face with a squared-off forehead, circular eyes, and large nose.
• Maya blue Maya Blue (Azul Maya) is a unique bright azure blue pigment manufactured by cultures of pre-Columbian
Mesoamerica, such as the Maya and Aztec. Made from a combination of a particular kind of clay, indigo, and vegetable dye.
• megalith A gigantic stone, often weighing several tons.
• Mesoamerica A region and cultural area in the Americas, extending approximately from central Mexico to Belize, Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, within which pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish
colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.
• Mesoamerica A pre-Columbian cultural region extending from the southern part of Mexico to an area that comprises some
parts of the countries of Central America.
• Mesoamerican ballgame A sport with ritual associations played since 1,400 BC by the pre-Columbian peoples of Ancient
Mesoamerica. The sport had different versions in different places during the millennia, and a newer more modern version of the
game, ulama, is still played in a few places by the indigenous population.
• Middle Horizon cultural period of Peru and the Andean region lasting from 600 - 1000 CE.
• Mississippian A mound-building, agrarian Native American culture that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and
Southeastern United States from approximately 800 CE to 1500 CE.
• Mixtec A Mesoamerican people who lived in southern Mexico before the rise of the Aztecs.
• Moche The Moche civilization flourished in northern Peru from about 100 AD to 800 AD, and were particularly noted for their
elaborately painted ceramics, gold work, monumental constructions (huacas) and irrigation systems.
• mound builder Any of several Native American people who constructed large mounds for ceremonial or burial purposes
• Navajo A member of the Navajo people, currently the largest Native American tribe in North America.
• New World The term used by Europeans to describe the western hemisphere, specifically the Americas, during the "age of
discovery" beginning in the early 16th century.
• Nomad A member of a group of people who, having no fixed home, move around seasonally in search of food, water and
grazing, etc.
• Olmec Ancient pre-Columbian people living in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in what are roughly the modern-
day states of Veracruz and Tabasco.
• Paleo-Indians The first people to inhabit the Americas from Eurasia more than 11,000 years ago.
• phytomorphic having the attributes of a plant.
• pre-Columbian Refers to the inhabitants, societies, and culture of the Americas prior to European contact, colonization, and
influence; literally "pre-(Christopher)Columbus."
• Preclassic period Also known as the Formative period, it dates roughly from as early as 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE.
• Pueblo Modern and ancient communities of Native Americans in the Southwestern United States of America.
• resin painting A type of pottery decoration in which ceramics are painted with a sticky flammable organic substance, insoluble in
water, exuded by some trees and other plants after they have been fired in a kiln.
• shaman A holy person believed to mediate between the physical world and the spirit world.
• slip painting A type of pottery decoration in which slip (a liquid mixture or slurry of clay and/or other materials suspended in
water) is applied to wet clay before it is fired in a kiln.
• Sonrientes A type of ceramic figurine produced by theVeracruz culture. Literally translates to "smiling" in Spanish.
• Southeastern Ceremonial Complex The name given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts, iconography, ceremonies, and
mythology of the Mississippian culture that coincided with their adoption of maize agriculture and chiefdom-level complex social
organization from 1200 CE to 1650 CE.
• stelae Upright stone slabs or columns typically bearing a commemorative inscription or relief design, often serving as
gravestones. (singular: stela)
• Stele As stone slab placed vertically and decorated with inscriptions or reliefs. Used as a grave marker or memorial.
• taludtablero A design characteristic of Mayan architecture at Teotihuacan in which a sloping talud at the base of a building
supports a wall-like tablero, where ornamental painting and sculpture are usually placed.
• Thule The ancestors of the Canadian Inuit.
• trilithon A megalithic post-and-lintel structure.
• Wari The Wari (Spanish: Huari) were a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the south-central Andes and coastal area of
modern-day Peru, from about CE 500 to 1000.
• xeriscaping Landscaping and gardening that reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental water from irrigation.
Olmec jade figurine

Small holes were drilled around the edges so that this figurine could be worn on the body with twine.
Metropolitan Museum of Art. "hb_02.18.309.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jade2/hd_jade2.htm View on Boundless.com
Olmec colossal head

Heads like this one made from basalt boulders weighed anywhere between 6 and 50 tons.
Ancient History Encyclopedia. "display-2408.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.ancient.eu/image/2408/ View on Boundless.com
Hohokam Etched Shell

This shell was produced by the Hohokam culture of the Southwest.
Wikipedia. "Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
View on Boundless.com
Ceramic of Underwater Panther

This Mississippian culture ceramic effigy jug was found at Rose Mound in Cross County, Arkansas, and dates from 1400-1600.
Wikipedia. "Mississippian culture." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture View on Boundless.com
Ipiutak archaeological site at Point Hope in northwest Alaska

The Ipiutak culture arose c. 100–200 BCE and collapsed around 800 CE.
Wikimedia. "Ipiutak Site." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Ipiutak_Site.jpg View on Boundless.com
Hopewell Art
This unique Hopewell sculpture was carved from Mica between 200 BCE and 500 CE.
Wikipedia. "Hand Hopewell mica." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg View on Boundless.com
Harringtonvessel
Ceramicvessel uncovered on Bussell Island, at the mouth of the LittleTennessee River in Loudon County, Tennessee. This pot belonged to the"Round
Grave" culture, which corresponds roughly to theLate Archaic (c. 3000-1000 BCE) and Woodland periods. The pot'sdiameter is approximately six inches.
Wikipedia. "Harrington-pottery-vessel-bussell-tn2.jpg." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harrington-pottery-vessel-bussell-tn2.jpg View on
Boundless.com
Mississippian Culture repoussé copper plates.

Threeexamples of Mississippian culture avian themed repoussé copperplates. The right-hand figure is one of the Spiro plates from SpiroMounds in
Oklahoma. The left hand figure is Wulfing plate A, one ofWulfing cache from Malden, Missouri. The middle plate is Rogan plate1, from Etowah Mounds
in Georgia. Examples of this type of artworkhave been found as artifacts in many states throughout the Midwestand Southeast.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19158593 View on Boundless.com
Whaleboneused in the building of an ancient Thule home.

ResoluteBay, Nunavut, Canada.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Ancient_Thule_Home.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19171183 View on Boundless.com
Carving of a polar bear

Dorset culture. Ivory.Alamek site, Iglulik, Canada.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Ours_nageant_(Musée_du_quai_Branly)_(3034045389).jpg." CC BY 2.0
Wallsaround the temple Kalasasaya at Tiwanaku

TheKalasasaya temple at Tiwanaku was used as a ceremonial center.
Wikipedia. "kalasasaya3.jpeg." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku View on Boundless.com
The Gate of the Sun

Thissite was the spiritual and political center of the Tiwanaku culture.
Wikipedia. "zonnepoort-tiwanaku.jpeg." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg View on Boundless.com
HopiKachina figure
TheKachina figure originated in the eighteenth century as a flat objectwith an almost indistinguishable shape that suggested a head andcontained
minimal body paint. By the late nineteenth century, it hadassumed a ore realistic appearance.
Wikimedia Commons. "383px-Kachina_Doll_(Kokopol),_probably_late_19th_century,_04.297.5575.jpg." Public domain
Monks Mound
Theconcrete staircase is modern, but it is built along the approximatecourse of the original wooden stairs. Collinsville, IL.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Monks_Mound_in_July.jpeg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3019271 View on Boundless.com
ProbablyBayeta-style Blanket with Terrace and Stepped Design

Navajo. 1870-80.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Probably_Bayeta-style_Blanket_with_Terrace_and_Stepped_Design,_1870-1880,_50.67.54.jpg." Public domain
Huaca del Sol

Huaca del Sol, "Temple of the Sun," was the Mochica political capital.
Wikipedia. "aca-del-sol-ao-c3-bbt-2007.jpeg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche View on Boundless.com
The "Gate of the Sun"

This site was the spiritual and political center of the Tiwanaku culture.
Wikipedia. "zonnepoort-tiwanaku.jpeg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg View on Boundless.com
Wari earthenware pot with painted design, 650-800 CE (Middle Horizon)

The Wari shared much in common aesthetically with the Tiwanaku.
Wikipedia. "Wari earthenware pot with painted design, 650-800 CE (Middle Horizon).." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huari_-
_Head_Pot_with_Painted_Design_-_Walters_482849_-_Three_Quarter_Right.jpg View on Boundless.com
Erotic Moche Pot

This piece is an example of the didactic role of ceramics in Moche culture.
Wikipedia. "Erotic Moche Pot." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche View on Boundless.com
Mayan Funerary Urn

Ceramics such as this urn provide insight into the values, beliefs, and ceremonial rituals of early cultures of the Americas.
Wikipedia. "Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramics_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas View
on Boundless.com
Pueblo Bonito
The impressive Pueblo Bonito was built by the Ancestral Puebloans as one of several settlements at Chaco Canyon.
Wikipedia. "Chaco Culture National Historical Park." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park View on Boundless.com
Child's Funerary Mask

Ipiutak. Point hope, Alaska.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Masque_funéraire_(musée_du_quai_Branly)_(3035743812).jpg." CC BY 2.0
Mayan relief sculpture from Palenque, Mexico

The Maya were among the most advanced cultures of Mesoamerica. Most of their art are representations of mortal rulers or mythic deities.
Wikipedia. "Pre-Columbian art." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art%23Mesoamerica_and_Central_America View on Boundless.com
Grave Creek Mound

This mound, located in Moundsville, West Virginia was built by the Adena culture.
Wikipedia. "Mound builder (people)." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_builder_(people) View on Boundless.com
Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico

The Temple is one of four structures commissioned by the Maya ruler Lord Pakal.
Wikipedia. "1280px-Palenque_temple_1.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_the_Inscriptions%23/media/File:Palenque_temple_1.jpg View
on Boundless.com
The Circular Plaza at Chavín de Huantar

The Circular Plaza Terrace was built up around the Circular Plaza in order to make the 21-meter diameter plaza artificially sunken.
Wikipedia. "Chavin circular plaza cyark." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin_circular_plaza_cyark.jpg View on Boundless.com
Sebastian Munster's Map of the New World, first published in 1540

A colorful map of what the German cartographer, Munster, and his contemporaries believed the Americas looked like during the European "age of
discovery."
Wikipedia. "Map_of_America_by_Sebastian_Munster.JPG." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_America_by_Sebastian_Munster.JPG
View on Boundless.com
15th century CE vase representing Tlaloc, the Aztec god of rain, storms and agriculture
The vase is from the glittering Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
Ancient.eu. "display-1402.jpg." CC BY 3.0 http://www.ancient.eu/image/1402/ View on Boundless.com
The site of Chavín de Huántar

The site of Chavín de Huántar was of both of geographical and religious significance to the Chavín.
Wikipedia. "Chavin de Huantar." GNU FDL 1.2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin_de_Huantar.JPG View on Boundless.com
Fish Vessel, 12th–9th century BCE

Olmec art frequently featured animal as well as human subjects.
Wikipedia. "Olmec." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec View on Boundless.com
Olmec Head No. 3 from San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan 1200-900 BCE.

It is believed that the Olmec colossal heads are depictions of powerful rulers.
Wikipedia. "Olmec." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec View on Boundless.com
Temple of the Feathered Serpent, the Ciudadela.

Detail of pyramid, showing the alternating talud base and vertical tablero (left).
Wikipedia. "Teotihuacan-Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent-3035.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent,_Teotihuacan#/media/File:Teotihuacan-Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent-3035.jpg View on
Ceremonial center of the city of Teotihuacan, Mexico, Teotihuacan culture, c. 350-650 CE.
View from the Pyramid of the Moon down the Avenue of the Dead to the Ciudadela and the Temple of the Feathered Serpent. The Pyramid of the Sun is
at the middle left. The avenue is over a mile long.
Wikipedia. "Teotihuacan." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan View on Boundless.com
Detail of Enthroned Maya lord and courtiers, cylinder vase, from Motul de San Jose region, Guatemala, c.
672-830CE. Ceramic with red, rose, orange, white, and black on cream, 8" high.
Smart History. "detail.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://smarthistory.org/politics-and-history-on-a-maya-vase/ View on Boundless.com
Tikal Ballcourt
Tikal is one of the most impressive urban centers of Mayan culture.
Wikibooks. "Saylor.org." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Saylor.org's_Ancient_Civilizations_of_the_World/The_Mayas View on Boundless.com
Stele H portraying the ruler 18-Rabbit. Great Plaza at Copan, Honduras. Made of stone, 11' 9" high.
Although a powerful ruler, 18-Rabbit eventually was captured and beheaded by a rival king.
The Mayan Calendar Portal . "IMG_1729a.preview.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.maya-portal.net/media/gallery/copan View on Boundless.com
Ballplayer, Maya, from Jaina Island, Mexico, 700-900CE. Painted clay, 6.25" high.
Maya Blue is a pigment that has proven virtually indestructible, unlike other colors that have largely disappeared over time.
National Gallery of Art. "download.jpeg." Public domain https://www.nga.gov/kids/mayakids.pdf View on Boundless.com
Smiling Figure, Late Classic Period, 7th-8th century, Remojadas, Veracruz, Mexico, 45.5cm high
Made of brown clay with white pigment. The figure contains both hand-modeled and mold-made elements.
Textile Museum of Canada, Gardiner Museum. "04ver_main.jpg." CC BY 3.0 http://www.textilemuseum.ca/cloth_clay/resources/veracruz_004.cfm View on
Boundless.com
Smiling Figure, Late Classic Period, 7th–8th century, Remojadas, Veracruz, Mexico, 45cm high
Metropolitan Museum of Art. "DP104829.jpg." CC BY 3.0 http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/313386 View on Boundless.com
Ball Player Figurine, 7th–10th century, Nopiloa, Veracruz, Mexico, 27 cm. high.
Metropolitan Museum of Art . "DT6056.jpg." CC BY 3.0 http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/316267 View on Boundless.com
A Warrior Scene from the Codex Zouche-Nuttall
Treasures of Mexico. "Maya-Codices.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-ancient-writings/treasures-mexico-mixtec-aztec-maya-codices-
survived-conquistadors-003245 View on Boundless.com
Mixtec Codex Zouche-Nuttall

Mixtec codices were made of deerskin and folded like an accordion.
Latin American Studies. "Codex-Zouche-Nuttall-2.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mixtec-codices.htm View on Boundless.com
A Marriage Scene from the Codex Zouche-Nuttall
Ancient Scripts. "mixtec_marriage.gif." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.ancientscripts.com/mixtec.html View on Boundless.com
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Maya blue." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya%20blue
• Wikibooks. "Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/The Mayas." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Saylor.org's_Ancient_Civilizations_of_the_World/The_Mayas%23Art
• Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History. "The Arts of Ancient America." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://www.amazon.com/Gardners-Art-through-Ages-History-ebook/dp/B00B7JUP80/ref=mt_kindle?_encoding=UTF8&me=
• Wikipedia. "Pre-Columbian art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-
Columbian_art%23Mesoamerica_and_Central_America
• Wiktionary. "Mesoamerica." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mesoamerica
• Ancient. "Aztec Art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.ancient.eu/Aztec_Art/
• Wikipedia. "Moche." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche
• Wikipedia. "Nazca culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_culture%23Arts_and_technology
• Wikipedia. "Paracas culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracas_culture
• Wiktionary. "Andean." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Andean
• Wikipedia. "Nazca culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_culture
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//art-history/definition/phytomorphic
• Wiktionary. "geoglyph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/geoglyph
• Wikipedia. "Southeastern Ceremonial Complex." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern%20Ceremonial%20Complex
• Wikipedia. "Visual Arts by Indigenous Peoples of the Americas." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas%23Eastern_Woodlands
• Wikipedia. "Cahokia." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahokia
• Wikipedia. "Poverty Point Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture
• Wikipedia. "Mississippian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian

• Wikipedia. "Deptford Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford_culture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park
• Wikipedia. "Long-Nosed God Maskette." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-nosed_god_maskette
• Wiktionary. "Mound Builder." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mound_builder
• Wikipedia. "Woodland Period." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_period
• Wikipedia. "Annealing (Metallurgy)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramics_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
• Wikipedia. "Mesoamerica." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica
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• Wikipedia. "Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
• Wikipedia. "Inuit Art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_art
• Wikipedia. "Dorset Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_culture
• Wikipedia. "Thule People." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule_people
• Wikipedia. "Nomad." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad
• Wiktionary. "Inuit." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Inuit
• Wiktionary. "Thule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Thule
• Wikipedia. "Teotihuacan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan%23Teotihuacan_culture

• Wiktionary. "Teotihuacan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Teotihuacan
• Wikipedia. "Classic Veracruz culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture
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Native American Art Before 1300 Ce

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Native-American Art Before 1300 CE

The New World

Olmec jade figurine

Olmec colossal head

Hohokam Etched Shell

Ceramic of Underwater Panther

Ipiutak archaeological site at Point Hope in northwest Alaska

Mississippian Culture repoussé copper plates.

Whaleboneused in the building of an ancient Thule home.

Carving of a polar bear

Wallsaround the temple Kalasasaya at Tiwanaku

The Gate of the Sun

ProbablyBayeta-style Blanket with Terrace and Stepped Design

Huaca del Sol

The "Gate of the Sun"

Wari earthenware pot with painted design, 650-800 CE (Middle Horizon)

Erotic Moche Pot

Mayan Funerary Urn

Child's Funerary Mask

Mayan relief sculpture from Palenque, Mexico

Grave Creek Mound

Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico

The Circular Plaza at Chavín de Huantar

Sebastian Munster's Map of the New World, first published in 1540

The site of Chavín de Huántar

Fish Vessel, 12th–9th century BCE

Olmec Head No. 3 from San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan 1200-900 BCE.

Temple of the Feathered Serpent, the Ciudadela.

A Warrior Scene from the Codex Zouche-Nuttall

Mixtec Codex Zouche-Nuttall

A Marriage Scene from the Codex Zouche-Nuttall

• Wikipedia. "Mississippian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian

• Wikipedia. "Teotihuacan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan%23Teotihuacan_culture

• Wikipedia. "Chavin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavin

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