Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Size Function
Smaller Larger
Ex:RTX-51 EX:WinNT,Unix
Multi-Tasking
Multi-Programming
Ex:RTX-51
Ex:Unix,WinNT
Architecture For Larger OS
Utilities
Int.
handler
CPU
I/O Devices
Architecture For Smaller OS
Int.
Scheduler Dispatcher
Handler.
CPU
I/O Devices
3) Multi-tasking OS:
- An instance of program in execution is
called “Process / Task”.
- Capability of OS to perform more
than one task at same time.
- Ability of OS to support concurrent
execution of two (or) more programs.
- OS switches from task to task
simultaneously.
- Two types are:
1) Cooperative
2) Preemptive
3) Multi-Programming OS:
=
Multi-Tasking
+
* Forms of memory protection
* Enforces concurrency control when
processes access shared I/O devices
and files.
Definition of Real-Time Systems
OR
- Systems in which correct responses are
produced within a definite time limit. If
computer responses exceed these time
boundary then performance degradation
and/or malfunction results.
Real-Time Systems
Hard Soft
Classification of Real-Time Systems
Soft:
- Acceptance of lower performance for
lateness.
- Rising cost for lateness of system.
- Ex: vending machine, Temperature controller
Hard:
- No lateness is accepted under any
circumstances.
- Catastrophic failure if deadline missed
- Cost of missing deadline is infinitely hig
- Ex: Missile system, aircraft.
What is RTOS?
* Task Management
* Memory Management
* Intertask Communication
* Intertask Synchronization
Functions of RTOS
1) Task Management:
Waiting
CPU Scheduling
- Intention is to
a) To maximize CPU utilization among
different tasks in a multi-tasking program.
b) To minimize waiting time.
Scheduling Algorithms
a) First-Come-First-Served (FCFS)
d) Round-Robin (RR)
2) Memory management:
- Dynamic memory Allocation
- Used for storing intermediate results
- Memory allocation and deallocation must
exist within constant time limits.
3) Intertask Communication:
various mechanism available are:
(a) Pipes
(b) Message queues
(c) Remote procedural calls (RPC)
(a) Pipes:
- Simple communication channel that can
be used to send data from one task to
another.
- Pipe can be opened,closed,written to and
read just like files.
- Perform operation in only one direction.
(b) RPC:
- Procedure in one process can directly
call procedure in another process.
- Two process may be running on same
computer or on 2 different computers
connected by network.
(c) Message Queues:
- It allows transmission of messages from
one task to another task.
4) Intertask Synchronization:
Classified as:
(a) Signals
(b) Semaphores
(a) Signals:
- Used when task synchronization is
required without data exchange.
- Simplest and fastest method.
(b) Semaphore:
- Resources can be shared free of conflicts
between the individual tasks.
- Consists of a data item and a pair of
operations, wait and release.
What makes an OS as RTOS?
* An RTOS has to be multi-tasking and
preemptible.
* The notion of task priority has to exist.
Factors to be considered
* Support of your processor of choice
* Portability to new processor
* Scalability to match varied application
requirement
* Multi processor support
* Extended services such as Network
support
* Standards / POSIX compliance
* Language support
* Development environment