Causes and effects of

Climate Change
 CONTENT

 Definition of Climate Change

 Causes of Climate Change- Natural
Causes & Human Causes
 Effects of Climate Change
Definition of Climate Change
“ It is a change which is attributed
directly or indirectly to human activity
that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in addition to
natural climate variability observed over
comparative time periods”
 Causes of Climate Change

 NATURAL CAUSES
 Volcanic eruptions
 Ocean currents
 Earth orbital changes-
 More tilt = warmer summers & colder winters
 Less tilt = cooler summers & milder winters
 Solar Variation
 HUMAN CAUSES (Anthropogenic or Man-made
causes)

 Greenhouse gases

 Deforestation

 Coal mining

 Burning of fossil fuels

 Industrial processes
 Deforestation
 Coal Mining
 Burning of Fossil Fuels
Industrial processes
 Agriculture
 Effects of Climate Change

RISE IN SEA LEVEL

Melting ice sheets  Sea level rise

Heavy rainfall across the globe
Extreme drought
Decline in crop productivity
Ecosystems are changing
Hurricanes
Rise in temperature
 Carbon dioxide acidifies
seawater
CO2 Atmosphere CO2

Ocean

“shelled-critters”

CO2 and carbonate (which plankton use to make shells)

combine in the ocean.

The ocean is already more acidic than it was 50 years

ago.
Source: Alfred-Wegener-Institute
Climate Change and the
Philippines
• Reviewing the Science
• Detecting the Changes
• Impacts on the Philippines
• Responses
 Atmospheric pressure (millibars)
0 200 400 600 800 1,000
120 75
Temperature
110 Pressure
65
100 Thermosphere

90 55
Mesopause

80 Heating via ozone

Altitude (kilometers)

Altitude (miles)
45
70 Mesosphere

60
Stratopause 35
50
Stratosphere
40 25

30 Tropopause
We are fish
20 Ozone “layer”
15 swimming
10 Troposphere
under a sea
5

0
of air!
–80 –40 0 40 80 120
(Sea Pressure = 1,000
Level) Temperature (˚C) millibars at
ground level
 Types of Air Pollutants

Primary CO CO2

Pollutants SO2 NO NO2

SO3
Most hydrocarbons
HNO3 H2SO4
Most suspended
particles H2O2 O3 PANs
– 2 –
Most NO3 and SO4 salts

Secondary
Pollutants
 Energy in = Energy out
Solar
radiation Reflected by
atmosphere (34%)

Radiated by
UV radiation atmosphere
as heat (66%)
Lower Stratosphere
(ozone layer)
Visible
Absorbed light Greenhouse
Troposphere
by ozone effect
Heat
Heat radiated
Absorbed
by the earth
by the earth

Earth
 Greenhouse Effect

(a) Rays of sunlight pwarm the (b) Earth's surface absorbs muchcoming (c) As concentrations of greenhouse
earth's surface. degrades it to longer-wavelength gases rise, more heat to the lower
infrared radiation (heat), which rises atmosphere.
iabsorbed by molecules of greenhouse
gases awarms the lower atmosphere.
Greenhouse warming makes earth Reviewing the
habitable
Without CO2, Earth’s mean temperature
Science
will be about -18°C (no liquid water)

Unprecedented rise in CO2

concentrations is causing global
warming, environmental damage
 Inconvenient Truths
It’s our fault
Impact of human CO2
emissions now exceed
natural influences

It will warm up
Forecasting tools work,
and they predict a
warmer planet
 What about the
Philippines?
Many well-known impacts of global warming (GW) not
applicable to RP
Deadly heat waves are unlikely, no melting glaciers
around
Tropical, marine conditions tend to keep weather and
climate stable
GW must be distinguished from local warming (Urban
Heat Island Effect)
 Is it just the Urban Heat Island Effect ?
UHI – Warming of urban areas due to removal of trees and water
bodies, and replacement with concrete and metal

Many weather stations record a steady warming due to UHI, not

GW

 Stations far away from cities still record a steady warming,

though not as large as those in urban areas
 Other indicators are also consistent with GW
 Climate Change and the
Philippines
Likely Effects of Global Warming on the Philippines:
Sea level rise
(a) Temperature, (b) rainfall and (c) tropical cyclone activity . . .
. . . Which then cause impacts on other sectors: agriculture, forests,
water resources
Sea Level Rise in the
Philippines Perez et al. 1999

Manila Bay (Blue)

Legaspi (Red)

Hulme and
Sheard 1999 Yanagi and Akaki 1994
Mactan Island, Cebu
Northeast MManila
Bulacan-Pampanga
 Trends in
Regional
Surface
Temperatures

Trends in number of
hot days and warm
nights (inset). Large
symbols indicate
where p 0.05. From
Manton et al. 2000.

Nearly all non-urban stations in the region show a rise in mean

temperatures between 1960 to 1998
More hot days, warm nights, fewer cold days and nights

Not enough to cause heat waves, but may affect agriculture

IRRI (2004): Rice yields decline with higher nighttime temperatures
Tropical Cyclones (TCs) and Global
Warming: Quick Facts
Typhoons form in warm
waters (>27°C)
Fewer typhoons in January to
March, most frequent in July
to November
Typhoons affect Mindanao
mainly in December when
sea surface temperatures
(SSTs) remain warm enough

In theory, warmer SST

means more frequent,
stronger storms
 Geographic Trends in Tropical Cyclones
1
Annual increase in number of TCs.
Shading indicates where p 0.01. 0.8
(From Anglo 2005).
40N 0.6

0.4

0.2

20N
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8
0N
100E 120E 140E 160E -1

Number of tropical cyclones appearing in the Western

Pacific has been increasing
In the Philippines, the rise in typhoon crossings is
most pronounced over Visayas
 Stronger Typhoons?
Effect of GW on TC strength is currently the subject
of intense scientific debate
Other TC requirements: uniform winds along vertical,
enough moisture throughout troposphere
Not clear how global warming will change these

Skeptics: Observed rise in TC strength due to (i)

better observations, or (ii) natural variation
What is certain: Philippine populations are much
more vulnerable to typhoons than before
More people living in riverbanks, mountainsides
Even if TC strength doesn’t increase, numbers of people at
risk are rising
 Changes in Regional Rainfall
Extremes, 1961 to 1998
(Manton et al 2001)

Change in the frequency of days Change in the proportion of total annual

with rain rainfall contributed by heavy rain

• What this can mean: longer dry periods, but

heavier rains during wet season
 Changes in Mean Annual Rainfall over the
Philippines
NORMAL EL NINO LA NINA ALL YEARS
20 20 20 20

15 15 15 15

10 10 10 10

5 5 5 5
120 125 120 125 120 125 120 125
Difference in mean annual rainfall, 1976-2000 minus 1951-1975. ENSO Rainfall Anomaly (mm)
events based on Multivariate ENSO Index (Wolter and Timlin 1998)
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400

Significance (p-value)

Significant reduction over NE Luzon 0.01 0.05

Significant increase over Western Visayas during La Niña

Under investigation: Change in the start of rainy season
 Downstream Effects of a Changing Philippine Climate
Making a Bad Situation Worse
Energy: Bulk of local power supply in RP comes from
hydroelectricity
Any decrease in rainfall means more reliance on imported coal and oil

Agriculture
Less rain or too much rain means less harvest
Changes in timing of rain also critical
CO2 rise favors crops, but weeds like it more
CO2 rise can enhance corn growth, but only in roots and stalk, not its
edible parts
 Downstream Effects of a Changing Philippine Climate
Making a Bad Situation Worse
Forests and biodiversity
Moist forests will shrink, turn into dry forests
GW may raise flood risk, worsening habitat degradation and species
loss
However, human impact still much more damaging

Health
Disease vectors (i.e. mosquitoes) will expand range
Displacement due to disasters will be a worsening health issue
 Downstream Effects of a Changing Philippine Climate
Making a Bad Situation Worse
Water Resources
Rainfall is decreasing over Luzon and parts of Mindanao where major
dams are found
Rainfall is increasing in the Visayas where there are no major dams
Sea level rise may cause salinity intrusion; Laguna Lake at risk

Marine Resources
Warmer temperatures can kill coral (as in 1998)
Higher CO2 in atmosphere can disrupt carbonate chemistry, make shell
and bone formation difficult
 Summary of 1994 RP Emissions

Energy
Waste CO2
7% 49%
Sector Emissions
(103 tons)
Energy 50.0
Agriculture 33.1
Agriculture
Industry 10.6
Industry
33% 11% Waste 7.1
Total 100.8
1990 Total (ADB 1994): 81.9 x 103 tons
 Where We Stand
and
What it Means
• Even if the
Philippines stops
CO2 emitting CO2 there
Emissions will be little
per Capita effect on global
(tons) warming
• We should reduce
emissions for its
other benefits:
cleaner air, less oil
dependence
 Actions Needed
Reduce exposure and vulnerability
Evacuate risky areas; enhance preparedness

Build new dams

Develop, promote new crops and farming tech
Seek co-benefits, not just mitigate
Save energy, promote clean mass transport to improve air quality
Promote renewables to reduce oil dependence

Reduce pressure on resources by finding alternative livelihoods

 Plant How Many Trees?
Ateneo: 14,000 students emit 3500 tons/yr or 250 kg per student
A tropical tree removes 8 kg of CO2 per yr (or 8 tons per hectare)
Old trees don’t count; trees must reach maturity
Trees may be cut, but should NOT be burned nor allowed to rot
Number of trees each student needs to plant:
~ 31 trees per student
250 hectares to reforest
2 times the size of the campus
To sequester current emissions: each Pinoy should plant at least
100 trees per year
What this means:
Planting trees enhance surroundings and habitats, but it will never
be enough against climate change
A Better Response: EAT LESS MEAT

Heller and Keolian (2000): Impact of meat eating is nearly the

same as driving a car

Philippine 1990 livestock production emitted 10,000 tons of CO2

equivalent
Equal to our industrial emissions, or 10 percent of our total

Ecology 101: feeding a vegetarian uses 90 percent less land than a

meat eater
 Final Notes
Impacts on many sectors are currently unclear, but may become
more pronounced as warming continues

Science needed: Focus on understanding, adaptation and

preparation

Old hard lessons: Use less energy, walk, eat more veggies; reach out
to the grassroots

Filipinos should reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, but for the
right reasons
Conceptual Linkages of Climate Change Adaptation
and Disaster Risk Management (CCA-DRM)

Climate Change Adaptation: Disaster Risk Management

Reduce vulnerability to: Reduce vulnerability to:

Gradual changes in Extreme weather events Climate- and Geophysical Ecological

climatic parameters with increased weather-related hazards hazards
frequency and severity hazards

Sea level Rising mean Changes in Direct connection

rise temperature precipitation
patterns

Potential
connections

Exploit connections
using co-benefit
strategies

Top-down / National Bottom-up /

gov’t policies. Community-based

(SOURCE: Castillo, Charlotte Kendra G, 2007) snf Manila Observatory

 “I’ve never seen a storm like this …”

-Prisco Nilo
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration
 PHILIPPINE CLIMATE CHANGE ACT
REPUBLIC ACT 9729

AN ACT MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE

INTO GOVERNMENT POLICY FORMULATIONS,
ESTABLISHING THE FRAMEWORK STRATEGY AND
PROGRAM ON CLIMATE CHANGE, CREATING FOR
THIS PURPOSE THE CLIMATE CHANGE
COMMISSION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
 The Climate Change Commission
Chairperson
(President of the Philippines)

Commissioner Commissioner/VC Commissioner

National Panel
of Technical
Experts ADVISORY BOARD
Secretaries of:
Department of Agriculture
Department of Energy
CLIMATE CHANGE OFFICE Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Department of Education
Department of Foreign Affairs
Executive Director Department of Health
(Vice Chairman) Department of Interior and Local Government
Department of National Defense/NDCC Chair
Department of Public Works and Highways
Department of Science and Technology
Deputy Executive Director Department of Social Welfare and Development
Department of Trade and Industry
Department of Transportation and Communications
Officers Director-General of National Economic & Dev’t. Authority/Chair,
Phil. Council for Sustainable Devt.
Director-General of the National Security Council
Chair of the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women
Staff Presidents of: Representatives from:
League of Provinces Academe
League of Cities Business Sector
* Commissioners have a fixed League of Municipalities NGO Sector
Liga ng mga Barangay
term of six (6) years.
National Framework Strategy CLIMATE CHANGE
on Climate Change •
•
Increasing temperatures
Changing rainfall patterns
• Sea level rise
• Extreme weather events

VISION: IMPACTS AND

CLIMATE PROCESS DRIVERS
A climate risk-resilient Philippines with VULNERABILITY
• Energy • Ecosystems (River Basins, Coastal
• Transport healthy, safe, prosperous and self-reliant & Marine, Biodiversity)
• Land Use Change & Forestry • Food security
• Agriculture
communities, and thriving and productive • Water resources
• Waste ecosystems • Human health
• Infrastructure
• Energy
SUSTAINABLE • Human society
DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY ENVIRONMENT
Goal: To build the adaptive
capacity of communities and
increase the resilience of natural
ecosystems to climate change,
and optimize mitigation ECONOMY
opportunities towards
sustainable development.

MITIGATION ADAPTATION
• Energy Efficiency & • Enhanced Vulnerability and
Conservation Adaptation Assessments
• Renewable Energy • Integrated Ecosystem-Based
• Environmentally- Management
Sustainable Transport • Climate-Responsive Agriculture
• Sustainable Infrastructure • Water Governance &Management
• Climate-Responsive Health Sector
Capacity Knowledge IEC and • National
Gender REDD+ Strategy
Research and Development Multi-stakeholder
Development Management Advocacy• Waste Management
Mainstreaming Technology Transfer • Disaster Risk Reduction
Partnerships
Financing Valuation Policy, Planning and
Mainstreaming
CROSS-CUTTING STRATEGIES &Management MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
• Climate-proofing of Infrastructure
CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION

The nation’s imperative.

“It always seems impossible, until it’s done.”
-Nelson Mandela
Can we
win this
battle?
 REPUBLIC ACT No. 10121:
• AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE PHILIPPINE
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, PROVIDING FOR
THE NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK, AND
INSTITUTIONALIZING THE DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN,
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES
* RA No. 10121
* EO NO. 888 - Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP)
on Disaster Risk Reduction
* AADMER ratification by the Senate of the Philippines
on Sept. 17, 2009
* NDCC Four-Point Action Plan on DP in 2004
* MTPDP: Mainstreaming DM in development planning
• UNMDGs; ISDR;
* Institutionalization of the GAWAD KALASAG thru HFA 2005-2015
NDCC Circular 2002-01
* EO N0. 137 on Civil Defense Deputation Program
and Declaring a Month-Long Observance of
NDCM every July of each year • ASEAN Regional
* 1998 GAA started to carry a provision requiring
concerned NGAs to allocate funds for disaster Programme on
mitigation and prevention activities in their annual
budgets.
DM (ARPDM)
* National DM Training Framework developed (1997) was developed
* 1st local Disaster Management Office established in
Albay thru an SP Resolution No. 155-94 dated
June 8, 1994 • International
* Passage of RA 7160 or the Local Government Code
of 1991
Decade for
* PD 1566 in 1976: NDCC
Natural Disaster
* LOI in 1972: Created the Office of Civil Defense Reduction
(IDNDR 1990-
2000)
 Salient Features
• Adoption of a holistic, comprehensive, integrated ,
proactive and multi-sector approach in addressing
the impacts of disasters, including climate change
(Sub-Section d)
• Development, promotion and implementation of a
comprehensive National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Plan (NDRRMP) (Sub-Section e)
• Mainstreaming DRR and Climate Change in national
and local development plans and development
processes (e.g. policy formulation, socio-economic
development planning, budgeting and governance)
(Sub-Sections f, g and h)
 Salient Features: Institutional
(National)
• Establishment of Training Institutes (Nat’l. to
Regional)
• OCD to be fully regionalized
• OCD Administrator from Director IV to the
rank of Department Undersecretary
• NDCC to NDRRMC, LDCC to LDRRMC, BDCC
to BDRRM Committee of Brgy. Devt. Council
• Increase of agency-
representation/membership from 19 to 39
Salient Feature: Funding Mechanisms
(National and Local)
• Funding for OCD- PhP 1B as to the effectivity
of the Act
• Calamity Fund (CF) is known as National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Fund (NDRRM Fund
• Local Calamity Fund (LCF) is known as Local
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Fund (LDRRMF
 Salient Features: Institutional (Local)
• Establishment of LDRRMO with DRRMOC at
all levels (Regional-Municipalities/Cities),
Barangay will have a BDRRMC under its
Barangay Development Council
• DRR volunteers
• Participation of CSOs/NGOs
 NDCC vs NDRRMC Chairperson: Secretary, National Defense
Secretary, National Defense - Chairman Vice chairpersons:
Disaster Preparedness-Secretary, DILG
• Secretary, Interior & Local Gov’t- Member Disaster Response–Secretary, DSWD
• Secretary, Public Works- Member Disaster Prevention & Mitigation-Secretary, DOST
• Secretary, Transportation & Communication - Disaster Rehabilitation & Recovery-DG, NEDA
Member • Sec-Gen., Phil. Red Cross
• Secretary, Social Welfare & Development - Members: (PRC)
Member • Secretary, DOH • Commissioner, NAPC
• Secretary, Agriculture - Member • Secretary, DENR • Chairperson, NCRFW
• Secretary, Education - Member • Secretary, DA • Chairperson, HUDCC
• Secretary, Finance - Member • Secretary, DepEd • Exec. Director, CC Office
• Secretary, DOE of the CCC
• Secretary, Labor & Employment - Member
• Secretary, DOF • President, GSIS
• Secretary, Trade & Industry - Member
• Secretary, DTI • President, PhilHealth
• Secretary, Health - Member • President, ULAP
• Secretary, DOTC
• Secretary, Science & Technology - Member • Secretary, DBM • President, LPP
• Secretary, Budget - Member • Secretary, DPWH • President, LCP
• Secretary, Justice - Member • Secretary, DFA • President, LMP
• Secretary, Natural Resources – Member • Secretary, DOJ • President, LMB
• Secretary, Foreign Affairs - Member • Secretary, DOLE • Four (4) reps from the
• Director, Phil. Information Agency - Member • Secretary, DOT CSOs
• Sec-Gen, Phil National Red Cross - Member • The Exec. Secretary, OP • One (1) rep from the
Private Sector
• Chief of Staff, AFP - Member • Secretary, OPAPP
• Chairman, CHED
Administrator, Office of Civil Defense – • Chief of Staff, AFP
• Chief, PNP
Member & Executive Officer • The Press Secretary

Administrator, Office of Civil Defense –

Member & Executive Director
 Republic Act No. 9729
Climate Change Act of 2009

SALIENT FEATURES
 Declaration of Policy
 It is the policy of the State to afford full
protection and the advancement of the right
of the people to a healthful ecology in accord
with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
 As a party to the Hyogo Framework for
Action, the State likewise adopts the
strategic goals in order to build national and
local resilience to climate change-related
disasters.
 Formulation of LCCAP
• The LGUs shall be the frontline agencies in
the formulation, planning and
implementation of climate change action
plans in their respective areas, consistent with
the provisions of the Local Government Code,
the Framework, and the National Climate
Change Action Plan.
 Barangay shall be directly involved with
Barangays municipal and city governments in prioritizing
climate change issues and in identifying and
implementing best practices and other
solutions.
Municipal and city governments shall consider
City/ Municipality climate change adaptation, as one of their
regular functions.

Provincial governments shall provide technical

assistance, enforcement and information
Province
management in support of municipal and city
climate change action plans.

 Inter-local government unit collaboration shall be

maximized in the conduct of climate- related activities.

 It shall be the responsibility of the national

government to extend technical and financial
assistance to LGUs for the accomplishment of their
Local Climate Change Action Plans.
Roles of Government Agencies…

• To ensure the effective implementation

of the framework strategy and program
on climate change, concerned agencies
shall perform the following functions:
The Department of Education
(DepED)
• They shall integrate climate change into
the primary and secondary education
curricula and/or subjects, such as, but not
limited to, science, biology, sibika,
history, including textbooks, primers and
other educational materials, basic climate
change principles and concepts;
The Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG) and
Local Government Academy
 They shall facilitate the development and
provision of a training program for LGUs
in climate change. The training program
shall include socioeconomic, geophysical,
policy, and other content necessary to
address the prevailing and forecasted
conditions and risks of particular LGUs. It
shall likewise focus on women and
children, especially in the rural areas,
since they are the most vulnerable;
The Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR)
• They shall oversee the establishment and
maintenance of a climate change
information management system and
network, including on climate change
risks, activities and investments, in
collaboration with other concerned
national government agencies,
institutions and LGUs;
The Department of Foreign Affairs
(DFA)
• They shall review international
agreements related to climate change
and make the necessary
recommendation for ratification and
compliance by the government on
matters pertaining thereto;
The Philippine Information Agency
(PIA)
• They shall disseminate information on
climate change, local vulnerabilities and
risk, relevant laws and protocols and
adaptation and mitigation measures; and
 Funding Allocation for Climate
Change.
 All relevant government agencies and LGUs shall
allocate from their annual appropriations adequate
funds for the formulation, development and
implementation, including training, capacity building
and direct intervention, of their respective climate
change programs and plans.
 It shall also include public awareness campaigns on the
effects of climate change and energy-saving solutions
to mitigate these effects, and initiatives, through
educational and training programs and micro-credit
schemes, especially for women in rural areas.
 In subsequent budget proposals, the concerned offices
and units shall appropriate funds for program/project
development and implementation including continuing
training and education in climate change.
http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20150910-cop-21-paris-est-elle-prete-accueillir-evenement
http://infoportail.ma/
om/book/14601/je-colorie-paris/la-tour-eiffel
The COP21 is
taking place
In Paris. It is a
United Nations
conference
about climate
change.
 The nations are meeting up to
speak about that.
 Why ?

https://fr.fotolia.com/id/43483381
The nations are meeting up
for :
The glaciers melt and the sea level
rises.

http://fousdepalmiers.fr/html/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=13052

The power station, the cars and the fossil

fuels produce too much CO2.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrybridge_power_stations

The drought
https://www.google.fr/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwjPgpahwNnJAhXJVxoKHf54C9cQjB0IBQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fepinalinfos.fr%2F2015%2F09%2Fvosges-secheresse-levee-du-dispositif-
de-restriction%2F&psig=AFQjCNE7hXBNmSItdiIk3RUpu4GGxXheIA&ust=1450118962732064&rct=j
 http://www.sweetmelodiesfm.com/index.php/en/hmscience/2
523-global-warming-disaster-could-suffocate-life-on-planet-
earth.html

What are the

consequences
 The glaciers melt so the polar bear are stuck.

The sea level rises so the

countries will be flooded and the
people will go away.

https://www.google.fr/url?sa=i&source=images&cd
=&ved=0ahUKEwiKya_CyNnJAhVH2xoKHeAQCc
0QjB0IBQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace
.org%2Feastasia%2Fcampaigns%2Fclimate-
energy%2Fproblems%2Fimpacts%2Fsea-level-
rise%2F&psig=AFQjCNGv8Tw8B076KCgLVxT58z
hfifRnpw&ust=1450121178649334&rct=j https://www.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2
Fimages.nationalgeographic.com%2Fwpf%2Fmedia-
live%2Fphotos%2F000%2F554%2Foverrides%2Fsea
-level-rise-united-states-east-
coast_55495_600x450.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%
2Fblog.geogarage.com%2F2012_06_24_archive.html
&docid=652AiRm5jyX8iM&tbnid=shXgzXn7o4GJoM
%3A&w=600&h=450&ved=0ahUKEwj16q28ytnJAhW
http://svt- DtRoKHRRoAukQxiAIEDAM&iact=c&ictx=1
barcelo.fr/4emes/ai
de/volcans_idees_r

There are the natural

ecues.php

http://rjwestmore.com/tag/earthquakes/

http://www.telegraph.co.uk
/news/picturegalleries/worl
dnews/9131914/Japan-
catastrophe such as
earthquake-and-tsunami-
anniversary-30-powerful-
images-of-the-
disaster.html
cyclones, volcanoes,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone earthquakes,tsunamis.
 What are the
solutions?

https://www.google.fr/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2F
www.ledsdiscount.fr%2Fblog%2Feconomie-denergie-leclairage-led-
solution%2F&psig=AFQjCNF9szOfdzSB1cW1ab6ItCzbJgKmTQ&ust=145012532
1775485&rct=j
 We could use wind tubines instead of
power stations.

http://tpe-une-maison-ecologique.webnode.fr/les-energies-renouvelables/lenergie-eolienne/

We could use energy saving light-bulbs

instead of the Classic light-bulbs.

http://www.which.co.uk/energy/energy-
saving-products/guides/how-to-buy-led-
cfl-and-halogen-bulbs/your-energy-
saving-light-bulb-concerns/

We could use the bikes instead of the

cars.

http://www.logofromdreams.com/logo-Eco-GreenBike.htm
 for the
future ?
 The boat with kit Submarine wind turbines

http://www.lesechos.fr/17/03/2003/LesEchos/18867-520-ECH_des---eoliennes---sous-
http://www.la1ere.fr/2015/07/02/ecologie-des-cargos-tractes-par-cerf-volant-le-pari-fou-d-
les-mers.htm
yves-parlier-268612.html

The wind turbines on the sea

Satellite solar panels

http://www.siemens.co.uk/en/news_press/index/news_archive/siemens-on-track-to-build-wind-
http://www.20minutes.fr/sciences/320371-20090417-vers-premiere-centrale-solaire-orbite
turbine-factory-in-uk.htm