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Of Matter
Forces between particles
States of matter
Changes in state
Learning objectives
Describe types of motion in molecules
Distinguish among states of matter based
on properties
Describe four types of intermolecular forces
Identify main forces operating in simple
substances
Perform calculations of heat involved in
changes of state
Atom motion and temperature
Atoms in molecules have three types of
motion
Rotation – moving about the centre of mass
Vibration – vibrating about the centre of mass
Translation – movement of the centre of mass
As temperature increases, the energies of
all types of motion increase
Three States of Matter
Solid: strong interactions
Fixed shape
Not compressible
Rigid
Dense
Liquid: medium interactions
Liquid
Not rigid
Assumes shape of container
Not compressible
Dense
Gas: no interactions
Not rigid
Completely fills container
Compressible
Low density
Plasma: the fourth state
At very high energies (temperatures) all the
electrons are removed from the atoms
Not an important state for chemistry
May the force be with you
Covalent and ionic bonds are the
intramolecular forces that hold the atoms in
molecules together
Intermolecular forces hold the molecules
together
Collectively, the intermolecular forces are
called van der Waals forces
All arise from electrostatic interactions
Intermolecular forces
Polar molecules experience strong intermolecular
interactions due to existence of positive and
negative ends of dipoles
Weaker forces exist between nonpolar molecules.
These are due to fluctuations in the electron
distributions in the molecules which create
momentary (weak) dipoles – London forces
Intermolecular interactions are known collectively
as van der Waals forces
The Four Forces of the Apocalypse
Name of force Origin Strength
HF 3 1
H2O 2 2
NH3 1 3
H bonding generates three-
dimensional network
Ice floats!
Something so familiar we might believe all
solids float on their liquids. Not so. Water is
the exception.
Hydrogen bonding and life
hold the two strands of the DNA double helix
together
hold polypeptides together in such secondary
structures as the alpha helix and the beta
conformation
help enzymes bind to their substrate
help antibodies bind to their antigen
help transcription factors bind to each other
help transcription factors bind to DNA
Implications for life on earth
Without H-bonds
molecules like DNA
would not exist
H-bonds hold the two
strands together
Comparative
weakness of bonding
allows for DNA
replication dna
Intermolecular forces determine
physical properties
Strong ionic bonds
mean high melting
point
Dipole-dipole
interactions – much
lower melting points
Dispersion forces only
– very low melting
points