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q
F2
F1 F2 F3F3 0
•If an equilibrium system consists of n forces,
F1 F2 Fn 0 i.e. F i 0
A B A C
AB BC AC AB AC AD
A D
F E
AB BC CD DE EF AF
F6 F2
F1
F1 F2 Fn 0 i.e. F i 0
pivot
pivot
axis
axis
Moment
Moment of F1 = F1 d1
Moment of F2 = F2 d2
Same turning effect
door
hinge
F1 d1 = F2 d2
As d1 > d2,
F1 < F2
force
force
pivot
case 1 case 2
Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. © 2001
12
12.1 Turning effect of a force (SB p.172) Moment
clockwise
pivot
pivot
anticlockwise
Principle of moments
Moment of F1
= 10 0.4
= 4 N m (anticlockwise)
pivot Moment of F2
= 5 0.8 = 4 N m (clockwise)
Two moments:
same in magnitude, but in
opposite direction
cannot turn
Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. © 2001
14
12.2 Principle of moments (SB p.175)
pivot
pivot
Principle of moments
anticlockwise clockwise
moment moment
pivot
400 N 500 N 650 N
Apply the principle of moment,
Clockwise moment = Anticlockwise moment
650 x 1.7 = 500 x 1 + 400 x d
Answer
d = 1.51 m
Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. © 2001
18
•Find the reaction from the pivot.
d 1.7 m
1m
pivot
400 N 500 N 650 N
20 N 10 N
Pivot O
30 N
•Take moment about X
Clockwise moment Anti-clockwise moment
= 30 x 0.7 + 10 x 0.9 = 60 x 0.5
= 30 Nm = 30 Nm
Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. © 2001
20
Take moment about other points
R = 60 N
0.5m 0.2m 0.2m 0.1m
X Y
20 N 10 N
Pivot O
30 N
•Take moment about Y
Clockwise moment Anti-clockwise moment
= 60 x 0.5 = 10 x 0.1 + 30 x 0.3 + 20 x 1
= 30 Nm = 1 + 9 + 20 = 30 Nm
Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. © 2001
21
Conclusion
•When an object is in equilibrium, the
sum of clockwise moments about any
point is equal to the sum of
anticlockwise moments about that point.
X Y
0.25 m
0.75 m
3 kg
RX 2 kg RY
X Y
0.25 m 20 N 30 N
0.75 m
X Y
0.25 m 20 N 30 N
0.75 m
Take moment about X (any point), Resolve vertically,
20 x 0.25 + 30 x 0.75 = RY x 1 RX + RY = 20 + 30
RY = 27.5 N RX = 50 – 27.5 = 22.5 N
d sin q F
q
Pivot O
q
d
F
Moment of F about O
= Force x perpendicular distance from O
= F x d sin q = Fd sin q
Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. © 2001
26
More on moment of force
Find the moment of F about O. (Alternative method)
F cos q
Pivot O
q
d
F
F sin q
Moment of F about O
= Force x perpendicular distance from O
= F sin q x d = Fd sin q
Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. © 2001
27
Example 2 A sign of mass 5 kg is hung from the end B of a
uniform bar AB of mass 2 kg. The bar is hinged to a wall at A
and held horizontal by a wire joining B to a point C which is
on the wall vertically above A. If angle ABC = 30o, find the
tension in the wire and the reaction exerted from the hinge.
C Take moment about A,
(Tsin 30o)(2d) = (20)(d) + (50)(2d)
Ry T T sin 30o
T = 120 N
R Resolve vertically,
q 30o
A Ry + Tsin 30o = 20 + 50
T cos 30o Ry = 10 N
hinge Rx
Resolve horizontally,
20 N
Rx = T cos 30o
50 N
Rx = 103.9 N
d d
R = sqrt(Rx2 + Ry2) = 104.4 N
Tension is 120 N and the reaction
q = tan -1(Ry/Rx) = 5.50o
from the hinge is 104.4 N at an angle
of 5.50o to
28 the horizontal.
Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. © 2001
Moment and couple
•Couple ─ consists of 2 equal and opposite parallel
forces whose lines of action do not coincide (重疊).
F F
d d/2 d/2
F F