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Communications Subsystem
Fall Presentation – 2017/12/01
2017-12-01 Begz 2
Link Budget and Modulation
By: Begz
DD-MM-YY Begz 3
Objective
2017-12-01 Begz
Begzsuren Altankhuyag 4
Overview of Communication Link
2017-12-01 Begz 5
Overview of Communication Link
2017-12-01 Begz 6
Requirements
The CubeSat shall transmit and receive within 420 to
450 MHz frequency range
The CubeSat shall transmit data rate of up to 9600
bit/s to the ground station
The CubeSat shall receive data rate of at least 1200
bit/s
The link margin must be +3 dB, minimum, to maintain
a stable link
2017-12-01 Begz 7
Link Budget
Essential tool to design the communication system
To maintain stable link between ground station and satellite
Determine required elements such as:
Antenna gain
Transmitter power
Receiver amplifier
It could also set additional requirements to the design
2017-12-01 Begz 8
Link Budget Example
Table 1: Downlink link budget example
Parameter Value dB
Altitude (km) 400 N/A
Downlink Frequency (MHz) 435 N/A
Δ Frequency (For FSK) (Hz) 5000 N/A
Ground Station Elevation (deg) 10 N/A
Data Rate (Bit/s) 9600 N/A
Bit Error Rate 1.00E-05 N/A
Tx Power (W) 0.25 -6.02
Tx Gain (dB) N/A 1
Rx Gain (dB) N/A 15
Rx Noise Temperature (K) 400 N/A
System Loss (dB) N/A 1.00
Polarization Loss (dB) N/A 3.00
Weather Loss (dB) N/A 1.00
2017-12-01 Begz 9
Power
The power received by the antenna can be calculated
using
2
𝜆
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟
4𝜋𝑑
Where,
𝑃𝑡 - transmitter power (W)
𝑃𝑟 - received power (W)
𝐺𝑡 and 𝐺𝑟 - transmitter and receiver antenna gains,
respectively
𝜆 – wavelength of the signal (m)
2017-12-01 Begz 10
Antenna Gain
The antenna gains can be calculated using
𝜋𝐷 2
𝐺=𝜂
𝜆
Where,
𝜂 – transmitting or receiving efficiency
𝐷 – Diameter of the antenna dish (m)
2017-12-01 Begz 11
Noise
The noise power present in the received signal is:
𝑁 = 𝑘𝑇𝐵
Where
N=Noise Power (W)
T = Noise temperature (K)
B = bandwidth (Hz)
−23 𝐽
k = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 × 10 )
𝐾
2017-12-01 Begz 12
Signal to Noise Ratio
To find the received signal-to-noise ratio, the following
equation is used
2
𝑆 𝑃𝑟 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 𝐺𝑟 𝜆
= =
𝑁 𝑁 𝑘𝑇𝐵 4𝜋𝑑
And another way to determine signal-to-noise ratio using
𝑆 𝐸𝑏 𝑅
=
𝑁 𝑁0 𝐵
Where
𝐸𝑏
- energy per bit to spectral noise density ratio
𝑁0
R – data rate (bit/s)
B – Bandwidth (Hz)
2017-12-01 Begz 13
Link Margin
Link margin determines if the communication link is
stable
𝑆 𝑆
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵 = −
𝑁 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑁 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
2017-12-01 Begz 14
Bit Error Rate (BER)
𝐸𝑏
Each modulation has its own unique BER to
𝑁0
relationship
Lower BER results in higher energy per bit per noise
density
2017-12-01 Begz 15
Bit Error Rate
BER with various modulation results in various Eb/N0
Each modulation will give different performance with a
given amount of RF power
2017-12-01 Begz 16
Overview of Modulation Techniques
Two ways to modulate a signal:
Analog
Digital
2017-12-01 Begz 17
Analog Modulation vs. Digital Modulation
FM – the process of varying the instantaneous
frequency of carrier signal according by the amplitude
of the data signal
Whereas, FSK is the process of varying the frequencies
of the modulated signal according to 1’s and 0’s
In general, “1” represent one predefined frequency and “0”
represent another.
“1” = 𝑓1 and “0” = 𝑓2
2017-12-01 Begz 18
Analog Modulation vs. Digital Modulation
2017-12-01 Begz 19
Selection of Modulation
GOMSpace – NanoCom AX 100
Supports FSK, MSK, GFSK, or GMSK
MSK, GFSK, and GMSK are modified and advanced
versions of FSK.
Previous year’s team suggested GMSK (Gaussian
Minimum Shift keying) as our modulation scheme.
2017-12-01 Begz 20
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
More advanced than FSK and MSK (Minimum Shift
Keying)
Uses Gaussian filter to shape the data signal before
modulated
Reduces sideband power, which can be considered as
noise when received.
Require less Bandwidth
2017-12-01 Begz 21
Technical Difficulties
GMSK is a highly advanced form of FSK
Many CubeSats use FSK, AFSK, or MSK as their
modulation scheme
Very few used GMSK
High data rate
Could be difficult to demodulate the received signal
Complicated mathematics involved in determining bi-
error-rate
2017-12-01 Begz 22
Future work
Compare Eb/N0 values for each modulation
Determine the most suitable modulation scheme
Complete and updated link budget
Experiment with HackRF
Contact GOMSpace and get more information on the
transceiver
2017-12-01 Begz 23
Antenna Deployment
Mechanism
By: Riley Kerr
▪ 45 degree quarter
wavelength monopole offset
▪ Antenna Feed Network
▪ Deployment Mechanism
▪ Circular polarization
▪ Monopole width: 5mm
▪ Monopole length: 13.62 cm
2017-12-01 Riley 25
Deployment Requirements
Table 2: List of Requirements
Req. # Description
1-0080 All parts shall remain attached to the CubeSat during launch, ejection and
operation. No additional space debris will be created.
5-0225 The communications subsystem shall have a mass of less than 240g.
Figure 14: 1st Iteration Deployment Figure 15: Close Up of 1st Iteration Burn Wire
Mechanism
2017-12-01 Riley Kerr 29
Deployment Mechanism Iterations
2nd Iteration of Deployment Mechanism
Test 2 Y Y Y
Test 3 Y Y Y
Test 4 Y Y Y
Test 5 Y Y Y
Future work
• Complete Burn Wire Circuit
• Determine materials to be used for the deployment mechanism
• Positioning deployment mechanism on ground plane
Antenna
AX100-U
Feed Monopole HackRF One
iOBC Satellite
Network Antennas Transceiver
Transceiver
I2 C MCX Coaxial (AFN) Microstrip
EM Waves
Cable Line
Req. Description
Number
5-0130 The CubeSat transceiver shall transmit and receive within
the 420-450 MHz frequency band
5-0210 The CubeSat antenna shall be matched to an impedance
of 50 ohms
5-0330 Antenna Feed Network must not interfere with payload
Initial design
• Vertical coaxial connector to protrude through AFN
PCB and contact microstrip trace
• Would ensure that no collision occurred with
payload camera
• Microstrip trace must be extended past coaxial pin
intersection in order to match impedances
Figure 23: Isometric view of coaxial to
microstrip vertical transition
Figure 25: S(1,1) Point vs Microstrip Length for Vertically Mounted Coaxial Transition
2017-12-01 Austin Balcaen 42
Satellite Transceiver to AFN
New design
• Edge mounted coaxial connector
• Collision with payload camera should not be a problem
• Impedance of microstrip line must be 50 Ω for it to be
matched to the connector
Figure 26: 50 Ω MCX edge Figure 27: MCX right angle plug Figure 28: Isometric view of coaxial to
mounted PCB jack with RG-316 coaxial cable microstrip edge mounted transition
2017-12-01 Austin Balcaen 43
Satellite Transceiver to AFN
Matching microstrip line to 50 Ω
• Performed in ANSYS HFSS by doing a parametric sweep
of the width of the trace line
• Width of trace line must be less than 4.14 mm
4.14 mm
Figure 29: Top view of coaxial edge Figure 30: ANSYS HFSS model to
mounted connector match microstrip line to connector
2017-12-01 Austin Balcaen 44
Satellite Transceiver to AFN
Matching microstrip line to 50 Ω
• Current trade study ongoing between using FR4 or Duroid as the PCB dielectric
Future work
• Complete microstrip dielectric trade study
• Contact a manufacturer about what they need from us to create the AFN
• Determine lumped elements to match antenna to microstrip line
Req. Description
Number
5-0130 The CubeSat transceiver shall transmit and receive within
the 420-450 MHz frequency band
5-0210 The CubeSat antenna shall be matched to an impedance
of 50 ohms
5-0330 Antenna Feed Network must not interfere with payload
54
Figure 36: AFN Block Diagram v.1 Figure 37: AFN Block Diagram v.2
2017-12-01 Oussama Khallil 54
PCB Design: Components & Substrate
Constraint: 420-450 MHz Frequency Range
Size: 0.86 in X 1.25 in
Duroid 5880: Dielectric relative permittivity (𝜀𝑟 )= 2.2;
Loss Tangent=0.0004 [Rogers Corp. datasheet]
The End
2017-12-01 58