Introduction to

Operating System Concepts

Dr. Abdul Hyee

03006689819
MCS 2nd Semester
Current Technology
DoCoMo
video phone

Best friend
Laptop

Mobile phone / PDA Personal digital assistant

(PDA)
Thanks to M. Sloman for slides
Wearable Wearable or
luggable?

LCD
Jacket

Designer
Gear
Thanks to M. Sloman for slides
Abstract View of System
Components
 What did the first operating system look like?

1945 to 1955

• No operating system
• human operators
•Use of Vacuum Tubes
1956 to 1965
• Transistors and simple batch systems ,
• Clear distinction between operators, programmers
1965 to 1980
 ICs and Multiprogramming,
 System 360 and S/370 family of computers,
 Time sharing, On-line storage for System
programs,
 User programs and data, Program libraries,
 Virtual memory,
 Multiprocessor configurations
1980-now
•Personal computers and workstations
•MS-DOS, Window, Unix etc
•General multiprocessing
•Any process and any thread can run on any available processor
•Computer networks operating systems
•Distributed operating systems

Cray 2
 Introduction

1. What is an Operating System?

2. Mainframe Systems
3. Desktop Systems
4. Multiprocessor Systems
5. Distributed Systems
6. Clustered System
7. Real -Time Systems
8. Handheld Systems
 1-What is an Operating System?

 Microsoft Windows, Unix…., Mac…..

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware.
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
What is OS?

 Computer systems typically contain:

Hardware and Software
Hardware - electronic, mechanical,
optical devices
Software – programs
 Without support software, the computer
is of little use..
What is OS?

 An interface between Hardware and User

Programs
 An abstraction of the hardware for all the
(user) processes
 Hide the complexity of the underlying hardware
and give the user a better view of the computer
2-Mainframe Systems
 Mainframe Systems

 First basic operating system.

 Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
 Automatic job sequencing – automatically
transfers control from one job to another.
3-Desktop Systems
 Desktop Systems

 Personal computers – computer system dedicated

to a single user.
 I/O devices – keyboards, mouse, display screens,
small printers.
 User convenience to use it.
 May run several different types of operating
systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)
4-Multiprogrammed Batch Systems

Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the
CPU is multiplexed among them.
Parallel Systems
5-Distributed Systems
 Distributed Systems

 Distribute the computation among several physical

processors.
 Advantages of distributed systems.
 Resources Sharing

 Computation speed up – load sharing

 Reliability

 Communications
Distributed Systems (cont)

 Requires networking infrastructure.

 Local area networks (LAN) or Wide
area networks (WAN)
 May be either client-server or
peer-to-peer systems.
6-Clustered Systems
 Clustered Systems

 Clustering allows two or more systems

to share storage.
 Provides high reliability.
 Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are
running the application.
 Asymmetric clustering: one server runs
the application while other servers
standby.
7-Real-Time Systems
Real-Time Systems
 Real-Time Systems

 Often used as a control device in a

dedicated application such as
controlling scientific experiments,
medical imaging systems, industrial
control systems, and some display
systems.
 Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
8-Handheld Systems
 Handheld Systems

 Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

 Cellular telephones
 Issues:
 Limited memory
 Slow processors
 Small display screens.