THEORY OF STRUCTURE III

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

BY - Nahom T.
Structural frame of a building
beams

Columns

Slabs
Introduction

Structure
.. a system of connected parts used to support a load..

Structural Engineering
analysis, design and construction of structural syste

Structural Systems:
Bridges, buildings, dams, transportation facilities, liquid or
gas storage facilities, industrial factories and plants, power
generation and transmission unit
Introduction

Structural Analysis: Design of Structures

We will determine how a structure - Safety
responds to specified - Esthetics
loads or actions: forces and deformations - Serviceability
- Environment
We will learn the classical methods that - Economy
have been used by Analysis of Structures
engineers for many years which are the - Strength
foundation of - Rigidity
modern structural analysis Idealization of Structures
- Physical Model
“To be a good architects you need to be - Mathematical Model
able to communicate
well with structural engineers”
Introduction

Idealization Mathematical Model

Physical Model ï Equilibrium conditions
Members ΣF = 0, ΣM = 0
Connections ï Compatibility conditions
Supports - Continuity condition
Loads - Boundary condition
Free-body Diagrams ï Constitutive relationship of stress
System and strain
Member
Mathematical Model
Equilibrium Conditions
Compatibility Conditions
Constitutive Relationship
Basics Structural Element
Super Structure Substructure
The superstructure is that part of The substructure is the lower portion
the building which is above the of the building, which is located below
ground and which serves the ground level which transmits the load
purpose of building’s intended use. of the superstructure
It includes to the sub soil.it includes
• Plinth • Foundations
• Wall and columns
• Beams
• Arches
• Roofs and slabs
• Lintel and arches
• Parapet
• Steps and stairs
Nominal Dimensions of building components
1. SUB-STRUCTURES

Foundation
• The basic function of foundation • Spread Footing:- Spread footings are those which
• To Transmit the load from building to the spread the super-imposed load of wall or column
subsoil, in such a way that over larger area. Spread footing support either
• settlement are within permissible limit column or wall
• the soil does not fail in shear • It may of following kinds
• Reduce the load intensity • Single footing for column
• Even distribution of load • Stepped footing for a column
• Provide level surface • Sloped footing for a column
• Wall footing without step
Types of foundation
• Grillage foundation
• Foundations may be broadly classified
as
• (a) shallow Foundation
Spread footing
Combined footing
Strap Footing
Mat Foundation or Raft Foundation

• (b) Deep foundation

1. SUB-STRUCTURES
Combined Footing: A spread footing which
supports 2 or more columns is termed as
combined footing. The combined may be of
following kinds
• Rectangular combined footing
• Trapezoidal combined footing
• Combined wall footing Trapezoidal footing
1. SUB-STRUCTURES
Strap Footing: If a Independent footing of two
columns are connected by a beam, it is called
a strap footing. A strap footing may be used
where the distance between the column is so
great that trapezoidal footing becomes quite
narrow. The strap does not remain in contact
with soil and does not transfer any pressure to
the soil.
Raft foundation:- A raft Foundation is a
combined footing that covers the entire area
beneath a structure and support all the wall
and column.
• They are used in areas where the soil masses
contains compressible lenses or the soil is
sufficiently erratic so that differential
settlement would be difficult to control
1. SUB-STRUCTURES
1. SUB-STRUCTURES

Deep Foundation
Deep foundation may be of following types
• Pile foundation
• Pier
• Well or caissons
Pile Foundation:- Pile Foundation is that type of
foundation in which the loads are taken to a low
level by means of vertical members which may be
timber, concrete or steel. Pile foundation may be
adopted when no firm bearing strata is available
and the loading is uneven.
• Piles may be of following types
• End bearing piles
• Friction Pile
• Compaction pile
1. SUB-STRUCTURES
Pier foundation: A Pier foundation consist of Well foundation
cylindrical column of large diameter to
support and transfer large superimposed load
to the firm strata below .
• Generally, pier foundation is shallow in depth
than the pile foundation.
1. SUPER-STRUCTURES
Plinth: Plinth is that part of
the building between
surrounding ground surface
and floor space immediately
above the ground. Plinth
resists the entry of rain
water entry inside the
building, entry of animals ,
insects & Rodents.
Wall: The walls are building blocks of bricks or
stones. They divide the building space into
various space into various rooms. They
support slabs and beams. They safely
transmits the loads coming on them from
beams and slabs to the foundation. They
provide privacy and protection against heat,
cold, rain , noise, dust winds. They offer
resistant to firewalls may be of
• Brick masonry
• Stone masonry
1. SUPER-STRUCTURES

Columns
are vertical members along which
beams and slab /roof is supported They are
square, rectangular and circular in shape in
C/S
The capacity to resist under compression
is a function of the slenderness,
If l/r is large the member is slender
and it will fail for buckling,
If l/r is small the member is stocky
and their capacity for axial load is
high,
The capacity of a slender column depends
also on the support conditions at its
ends.
1. SUPER-STRUCTURES

Floor: A floor is a plane area to support

occupants, furniture's, and equipments.
1. SUPER-STRUCTURES

Roof: The upper most part of the building

constitutes the roof . The Slab and roof
encloses the space and offers protection from
rain, heat, snow, wind, sound, fire. Slabs are
10,12,15 cm the.
TYPES OF ROOF

Flat roofs

Pitched roofs
Mansard
Trussed
Portal or ridge-framed
1. SUPER-STRUCTURES

Steps and Stairs

• Steps and stairs are meant to provide access
between different levels. Stairs should be
properly located to provide easy access and fast
services to the building.
• In one flight maximum 8 steps should be
provided for more than 8 steps it is
recommended to provide them with lending.
• Generally for residential building width of stair is
1.0 m and 1.2 m
• No of risers= Total height of floor/ Height of riser
• No of tread= Number of riser-1
Common materials
Wood
Stone
Pre cast concrete
Steel
Composite
1. SUPER-STRUCTURES
Beams
• Beams are horizontal members above which
the slabs are provided. The beams are instead
supported on walls and columns
• They are generally 20, 39, 45, 60 cm thick and
deep members as per structural design
Beams are loaded perpendicular to
their longitudinal axis.
Except for short beams the shear stress
produced by V is much smaller than the
bending stress produced by M.
1. SUPER-STRUCTURES
Lintels and arch:
• Lintel is a horizontal member which is placed
across the opening.
• An arch is normally a curved member
comprising of wedge shaped building blocks
holding each other with mutual pressure.
Parapet
• Parapet: Parapet is generally 10 cm thick
partition wall constructed above slab to
enclose the terrace open to sky . Thickness is
10 to 15 cm height is 1.0 m to 1.2 m
COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS
• Brick
• Block
• Stone
• Concrete
• Timber
• Metal
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
• Solid or ‘traditional’ construction
• Structural steel frame construction
• Reinforced concrete construction
• Modular system construction
• Portal frame construction
• Composite construction.
SOLID CONSTRUCTION
• Solid load bearing walls
• Set back at upper floors
• Commonly made of brick, concrete blocks or
stone
• Cast iron columns
• Cast iron or timber beams
• Warehouses, mills, factories and offices.
BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• High number of design options
• Skeletal framework often complex
• Loads carried by beams
• Structure is covered by cladding
• Large use of glass, polycarbonate and plastic
• Large shopping centres, sports centres and multi-
storey offices.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Roof spans between main beams
Main beams Tie Beam

Secondary beam

Floor spans between main

Stanchions
beams
REINFORCED CONCRETE
• Alternative to steel frame

• Columns support beams on which are laid slab

flooring sections

• Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast to form a

monolithic structure

• Two common methods of construction.

REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)

Pre cast reinforced concrete frame

• Factory produced frame components

• Transported for assembly on site
• Similar techniques to steel frame.
REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)

Composite construction

• Utilises the advantages of modern lightweight

structural steelwork

• ‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast concrete

columns.
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Concrete Spine
beam

Steel Spine
beam.
Gable columns
MODULAR STRUCTURES
• Pre fabricated components

• High design flexibility

• Specially designed connectors

• Encased in concrete to provide a degree of fire and

corrosion protection.
MODULAR BUILDING
TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR
HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK FLOORING

R.C. edge beam

Concrete ribs
Hollow clay
floor blocks Concrete topping

Ceiling Voids
finish
Reinforcement Filler tiles
Rib reinforcement
HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK
Floor finish
Cement/sand screed

Void

Internal support
Typical hollow floor unit details
Cement/sand Floor finish
screed Grouted joints

Typical channel section floor unit details

PRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB
Thank you

Next lecture
loads on structures…