ENDOCRINE RESPONSES

DURING EXERCISES

By: Ninik Dwiastuti

 REFERENCES
1. Frontera W. Exercise. In: G, Erwin et al, editor. Downey & Darling’s
Physiological Basis of Rehabilitation Medicine. 3rd edition. Butterworth
Heinemann, Boston. 2001. p.380-381
2. Goodman H.M., Endocrine Physiology. In: Johnson L. Essential medical
Physiology. 3rd edition. Elsevier Academic Press, California. 2003. p: 665-
667
3. Principles Endocrinology: The Central Endocrine Glands. In: Sherwood, L.
human Physiology from Cell’s to System. 3rd edition . Thomson. 2004.
p:668, 678.
4. Metabolism and Hormonal Control. In: Wilmore J. et al. Physiology of
Sport and Exercise. 4th edition. USA. 2008. p: 70-73. (cited 2010, October
27) http://books.google.co.id/books?id=zQGKmbg18J8C
5. Kravitz L. Exploring the Mysteries of Exercise. (cited 2010, October 25)
http://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Pages/articles.html
 Acute Response to Exercise:

 Energy metabolism
 Endocrine response
 Cardiopulmonary response
 Hematologic response
 Renal response
 Psychological & analgesic effects
 Hormones are secreted in the blood and travel to sites
where they exert an effect on only those target cells
that have receptors specific to that hormone
 Mechanism of Controlling
Negative-feedback control
When the output of a system counteracts a change in
input
Anterior pituitary

Thyroid stimulating
Thyroid hormone hormone

Thyroid gland
Steroid Hormone

Lipid soluble

Diffuse through cell membranes;

Receptors located within cell

Chemical structure is derived from or is similar to cholesterol

Secreted by adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, placenta

Nonsteroid Hormone

Nonlipid soluble

Cannot diffuse through cell membranes

Receptors located on surface cell membrane

Two types: amino acid derivatives and protein/peptide hormones

The Number of Hormone’s Receptors

 Down-regulation:
decrease of hormone receptors → decrease the
sensitivity to that hormone

 Up-regulation:
increase in the number of receptors → increase the
sensitivity to that hormone
Relationship hormone sensitivity and receptor
 Sensitivity: concentration of hormone needed to produce a
half maximal response.
 ↑ Sensitivity → concentration of hormone needed to
produce a half max rensponse ↓
 ↑ binding hormone-receptors → ↑ response of the hormone
 ↑ binding hormone-receptors related to the abundance of
both hormone and receptors.
 receptor regulation may result from: rate of receptor
membran internalization and degradation also rate of
receptor synthesis
Endocrine response during exercise

Carbohydrate metabolism

Fat metabolism

Maintenance fluid and electrolyte balance

Effect to the anabolic hormones

Endocrine response during exercise

Carbohydrate metabolism
 Carbohydrates: the main source of energy during
exercises
 Carbohydrates fuel → 3 metabolic processes

Muscle
glycogenolysis
Liver
glycogenolysis
Liver
gluconeogenesis

Maintain Make
blood more
glucose glucose
available
 Norepine
phrine,
Glucagon ephineph
, insulin rine

Cortisol,
GH,
thyroid
hormone

Muscle glycogenolysis

Liver glycogenolysis

Liver gluconeogenesis
Hormone secretion during exercise
Effects to the carbohydrate metabolism
Insulin facilitates glucose transport to the muscle fibers

Exercise may enhance insulin’s binding to receptors on the

muscle fiber

Up-regulation (receptors) occurs with insulin after 4 weeks

of exercise → sensitivity ↑
Endocrine response during exercise

Fat metabolism
 Fat Metabolism
 Carbohydrate reserves are low → hormones facilitate fat oxidation

lipase
Triglycerides free fatty acids (FFAs)

Cortisol
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Growth Hormone
Thyroid hormone
Insulin
glukagon
Effects to the fat metabolism
Hormonal effects on FFA production
Cortisol accelerates lipolysis → releasing FFAs into the blood so
they can be taken up by the cells and used for energy production

Cortisol levels peak after 30-45 minutes and then return to near
normal levels during prolonged exercise

Later, the catecholamines and GH take over cortisol's role in

releasing FFAs into the blood
Endocrine response during exercise

Maintenance fluid and electrolyte balance

Endocrine response during exercise

Effect to the anabolic hormones

 Effect to the anabolic Hormones

During acute exercise → testosteron, progesteron

and estradiol level ↑

The mechanism is still unclear

Thank You