Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Phases
Ancient Tourism
Mass Tourism
Industry
Visions
Mission
Punch line
Why should I?
Universe
Subject
Sample
Research Design
Market survey
SPSS
E-view
Research Methodology
Re-search
different circumstances.
Dr. Saurabh Dixit, IITTM, Gwalior, M.P. 22
Business Research
old ones.
( Vaj.,P36)
1. Academic objects
2. Utilitarian objects
1. General qualities
2. Specific qualities
1. General qualities
Scientific attitude
Imagination and insight
Perservance
A quick grasping power
Clarity of thinking
• Specific qualities
Knowledge of the subject
Knowledge of the technique of research
Personal taste in the study
Familiarity about the informants
Unbiased attitude
(V,p-48)
Preamble
Research Methods
Collection of data
Statistical measures
Presentation of data
Feasibility of topic
Financial constraints
Resources
Time frame
Survey of India
Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization of the
country under the Department of Science & Technology, is the
OLDEST SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVT. OF INDIA. It
was set up in 1767 and has evolved rich traditions over the years. In
its assigned role as the nation's Principal Mapping Agency, Survey
of India bears a special responsibility to ensure that the country's
domain is explored and mapped suitably, provide base maps for
expeditious and integrated development and ensure that all
resources contribute with their full measure to the progress,
prosperity and security of our country now and for generations to
come.
Primary
Secondary
Documentary Sources
Books
Reports of Survey
Historical Accounts
News paper
Journals
Magazines
Net
Dr. Saurabh Dixit, IITTM, Gwalior, M.P. 40
Sources of Data…..
Field Sources
Direct observation
of New Delhi
http://www.slideshare.net/mssridhar/introduc
tion-to-research-methodology-presentation
Chapter-wise details
Check list
Napkin plan
Hypothesis
Research methodology
Pilot Survey
Statistical Tools
Library Resources
Literature Search
Conceptual literature
Trade literature
Published statistics
Library homepage (www.uah.edu/library)
Schedule
Meaning
Purpose
Sequence of questions
Contents
Limitations
Mailed questionnaire
Types
Form
Pre-testing
Problems
Reliability and validity
Organization of enquiry
Advantages
Limitations
Dr. Saurabh Dixit, IITTM, Gwalior, M.P. 72
Collection of Data………
Narrative Interview
Purpose
Kinds
Structured Interview
Unstructured
Focused
Repetitive
Preparation for interview
Observation
Kinds
Participant
Non-Participant
Controlled
Non-Controlled
Organization of field observation study
Limitations
Documentary Sources
What is a document
Kinds of documents
Limitations of personal documents
Published documents
Limitations of published documents
Demographic data
Analysis
Synthesis
Purpose is threefold:
Outline flow of discussion
Defines issues
Sets ground rules
Provides time constraints
Provides information for participants
Serves as a guide for the final report
May be very basic or extremely detailed depending on formality
of the research.
Very exploratory research will require a simple guide
More extensive analyses need more structure
http://www.experiment-
resources.com/write-a-research-
paper.html
Selector must have complete idea about the nature of universe.
Selector should try to keep himself away from biasing.
Dr. Saurabh Dixit, IITTM, Gwalior, M.P. 141
Stratified sampling: It is combination of random sampling as well as purposive
sampling. Under this approach, whole universe is divided in to strata and then
samples are selected from strata.
Kinds of stratified sampling
Proportional stratified sampling
Disproportional stratified sampling
Stratified weighted sampling
Advantages of stratified sampling
Sampler get more control over sample
Proper stratification has been made using fewer items
Replacement of cases can be done too easily
Disadvantages
Bias may be caused due to improper stratification
Attempt to make proportion deliberately is very difficult to achieve
Difficulty may be experienced in putting a particular case in a stratum
Scientifically prepared
SIGNIFICANCE
Most of the variables show some kind of
relationship. E.g. price and supply, income
and expenditure.
Once we know that two variables are related
to each other, we can estimate value of one
variable given the value of others.
It contributes to understand economic
behaviour.
Dr. Saurabh Dixit, IITTM, Gwalior, M.P. 204
Co-relation…..
MAIN POINTS
Index Numbers are specialized
averages.
Index Number measure net change in a
group of related variables.
Index Number measure effect of change
over a period of time.
.
Dr. Saurabh Dixit, IITTM, Gwalior, M.P. 214
INDEX NUMBER…
USES
Helps in framing suitable policies.
Reveals trends and tendencies.
Important in forecasting future
economic activity.
Useful in deflating
PROBLEMS IN CONSTRCITUIoN OF
INDEX NUMBER
Purpose of Index
Prices must not include whole sale prices.
Selection of base period
The period against which comparisons are made.
The base period should be normal one. Not affected
by war, epidemic, earth-quake.
Should not be too distant in the past.
Fixed bas of chain base.
Dr. Saurabh Dixit, IITTM, Gwalior, M.P. 216
INDEX NUMBER…
Choice of average
Normally arithmetic or geometric mean index
taken. ( Gupta,521)
Selection of appropriate weight
Weight means relative importance of different
items.
There are two methods of assigning weight:-
• Implicit
• Explicit
A TECHNIQUE WHICH
SIMULTENEOUSLY ANALYSE MORE
THAN TWO VARIABLES.
Multivariate techniques are empirical.
( Kothari, pg-368)
Deals with complex situation. ( Kothari, pg-
370)
Independence method
Are inputs metric? Yes Factor
Analysis/ Cluster Analysis/ Metric MDS
T-TEST
SAMPLE size is less than 30.
Z-TEST
Sample size more than 30.
• Nominal data
• Ordinal data
• Interval data
• Ratio data
Dr. Saurabh Dixit, IITTM, Gwalior, M.P. 239
SCALING…
Nominal data
Nominal data are numerical in name only.
They do not share any properties of
numbers.
H0 Nul Hypothesis
r Correlation
rho Standard deviation
α Type I
µ Mean
-- Accept H0 Reject H0