RADIOLOGI SISTEM INDRA (MATA-THT)

dr. Fauzy Ma’ruf, Sp.Rad, M.Kes

Kepala Bagian Radiologi FK-UNIZAR Mataram
 The Skull

 The skull protects

 The brain
 Entrances to respiratory system
 Entrance to digestive system
 The skull contains 22 bones
 8 cranial bones:
 Form the braincase or cranium
 14 facial bones:
 Protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory
tracts
 The Skull

Figure 7–2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull.

 The Skull

Figure 7–3a The Adult Skull.

 The Skull

Figure 7–3b The Adult Skull.

 The Skull

Figure 7–3c The Adult Skull.

 The Skull

Figure 7–3d The Adult Skull.

 The Skull

Figure 7–3e The Adult Skull.

 The Skull

Figure 7–4b The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull.

 The Skull

 Superficial Facial Bones

 Maxillae = maxillary bones
 Lacrimal
 Nasal
 Zygomatic
 Mandible
 Deep Facial Bones
 Palatine bones
 Inferior nasal conchae
 Vomer
 The Skull

 Sinuses
 Cavities that decrease the weight of the skull
 Lined with mucous membranes
 Protect the entrances of the respiratory system

 Sutures
 The immovable joints of the skull
 The four major sutures
 Lambdoid suture
 Coronal suture
 Sagittal suture
 Squamous suture
 The Cranial Bones of the Skull

Figure 7–7c The Temporal Bones.

 The Orbital Complex

Figure 7–13 The Orbital Complex.

 The Orbital Complex

Figure 7–14a The Nasal Complex.

 The Orbital Complex

Figure 7–14b The Nasal Complex.

 Fontanelles

 The Infant Skull

 Grows rapidly

 Is large compared to the body

 Has many ossification centers

 Fusion is not complete at birth

 Two frontal bones

 Four occipital bones

 Several sphenoidal and temporal elements

 Fontanelles

 Fontanelles (sometimes spelled fontanels)

 Are areas of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots)
 Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull
 Allow the skull to flex during birth
 Anterior fontanelle:
– frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures
 Occipital fontanelle:
– lambdoid and sagittal sutures
 Sphenoidal fontanelles:
– squamous and coronal sutures
 Mastoid fontanelles:
– squamous and lambdoid sutures
 Fontanelles

Figure 7–15a The Skull of an Infant.

 Fontanelles

Figure 7–15b The Skull of an Infant.

 Vertebral Regions

 The Cervical Vertebrae

 Small body (support only head)
 Large vertebral foramen (largest part of spinal
cord)
 Concave superior surface
 Slopes posterior to anterior
 C1 (atlas) has no spinous process
 All others have short spinous processes
– tip of each spinous process is notched (bifid)
 Vertebral Regions

Figure 7–19 The Cervical Vertebrae.

 Vertebral Regions

 The Cervical Vertebrae

 Transverse processes
 Are fused to costal processes
 Which encircle transverse foramina (protect
arteries and veins)
 Atlas (C1)
 Articulates with occipital condyles of skull
 Has no body or spinous process
 Has a large, round foramen within anterior and
posterior arches
 Vertebral Regions

Figure 7–19 The Cervical Vertebrae.

 Vertebral Regions
 The Cervical Vertebrae
 Axis (C2)
 Supports the atlas
 Has heavy spinous process
 To attach muscles of head and neck
 Axis and atlas bodies fuse during development to form the dens
 Vertebra prominens (C7)
 Transitions to thoracic vertebrae
 Has a long spinous process with a broad tubercle
 Has large transverse processes
 Ligamentum nuchae (elastic ligament) extends from C7 to skull
 Vertebral Regions

Figure 7–19 The Cervical Vertebrae.

 Major Landmarks used for skull
radiography:

1. Vertex 2. External Occipital Protuberance (E.O.P.)

3. External Auditory Meatus 4. Outer Canthus Of Eye.
5. Infra-orbital point 6. Nasion
7. Glabella
Baselines, Body Planes and Major
Landmarks
 Accurate location of these lines, planes and points is
essential to ensure accurate and reproducible
positioning necessary for high quality imaging of
 the skull and facial bones. Traditionally the planes
and points have frequently used people’s names E.g.
Reid’s Baseline but convention is now regarded as
being as follows.
Major body planes used in Skull radiography

Anthropological
Median Sagittal Auricular
 Some Indications for Imaging
 Linear fractures
 Depressed fractures
 Basal skull fractures
 Gunshot wounds
 Neoplasm’s
 Metastases
 Osteolytic and osteoplastic lesions
 Multiple myloma
 Pituitary adenomas
 Paget’s disease
 Acoustic neuroma
 Sinusitis
 Para nasal sinuses polyps
 Otitis media
 Secondary osteomyelitis
Normal X-ray
Depressed skull fracture
Right parietal
fracture
A B