Group Members:

Muhammad Ahsan Khan”

Sikandar”
Abdul Majid”
Aslam Shah”
Asad Ullah”
Differential Equation
Introduction Partial Differential Equation
 Contents
Invention of differential equation
Types of differential equation
Basics concept of differential equation
Basics concept of (ODEs) ordinary differential equation
Invention of (PDEs)Partial Differential Equation
Types of Partial Differential Equation
Application of Differential Equations
 INVENTION OF
DIFFERENTIONAL EQUATION
In mathematics, the history of differential equation traces the
development of “differential equation” from calculus, which
itself was independently invented by English Physicist “Isaac
Newton” and the German Mathematician Gottfried Leibniz.
The history the subject of Differentional
equation, is 1670-1950
“Differentional equation began with
Leibniz, the Bernoulli brothers, and others
from the 1680s,not longer after Newton's
fluxional equations’ in the 1670s.”
Differentional Equation:
A Differentional Equation is an equation containing the
derivative of one or more dependent variables with respect to
one or more independent variables.
For Example

dy dy d 2 y dy
 2 xy x  y 1 2
 y0
dx dx dx dx

u v x y  2u  2u u
  20  2 2
y x y x x 2
t t
 Types Of Differential Equation
(ODE) Ordinary Differential Equation)
An equation contains only ordinary derivates of one or more
dependent variables of a single independent variable.
For Example dy   
dx dy 
 5y  ex     2x  y
dx  dt   dt 
(PDE) Partial Differential Equation)
An equation contains partial derivates of one and more dependent
variables of two or more independent variables.
For Example
u v  2u  2u u
   2
y x x 2 t 2 t
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Historical Background of (PDE) Partial differential
Equation.
Formation Of (PDE) Partial Differential Equation.
What are (PDE) Partial Differential Equation.
Uses Of (PDE) Partial Differential Equation.
Types Of (PDE) Partial Differential Equation.
Methodology Of (PDE) Partial Differential Equation.
 Historical Back Ground Of (PDE)
The study of partial differential equation(PDEs) is started in the
18th century. In the work Euler, d Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace as
a central tool in the description of mechanics of continua the
generally, as the principal mode of analytical models in the
physical science the analysis of physical has remained to the
present day one of the fundamental concern of the development
of (PDEs).Beginning in the model of the 19th century particularly
with the help of Riemann, (PDEs) also became an essential tool
in other branch of mathematics.
The Euler equation of incompressible fluid flows, 1755.
The minimal surface equation by Lagrange in 1760 (the first
major application of the Euler Lagrange principle in PDE's).
 The Laplace and Poisson equations, as applied to electric and
magnetic problems, starting with Poisson in 1813, the book by
Green in 1828 and Gauss in 1839.
The Navier Stokes equations for fluid flows in 1822-1827 by
Navier, followed by Poisson (1831) and Stokes (1845).
Linear elasticity, Navier (1821) and Cauchy (1822).
Maxwell's equation In electromagnetic theory in 1864.
Formation Of (PDE) Partial Differential Equation
•It is defined as an equation involving two or more independent
variables like x, y …., a dependent variable like ‘u’ and its partial
derivatives.
•Partial Differential Equation can be formed either by elimination
of arbitrary constants or by the elimination of arbitrary functions
From a relation involving three or more variables
What Are(PDE) Partial Differential Equations
Definition:- A Partial differential Equation is an equation that
contain partial derivatives. In contrast to (ODE) ordinary
differential equation, where the unknown function depends up
on one variables, In PDEs, the unknown function depends upon
several variables (Like temperature u( x, t) both on location “x”
and time “t” ).

u u
ut  t u x  x
A Few Well –Known PDEs

u u
t xx (Heat equation in one dimension)
 u  u u
t xx yy (Heat equation in two dimensions)

1 1
u  u  2 u  0 (Laplace Equation In Polar Co-ordinates)
rr
r r r 

 u u u
tt xx yy
 u zz (Wave Equation Three Dimensions)

Notes On The Example;-

The Unknown function “u “always depends on more then one variable. The u
(which we differentiate) is called dependent variable, where as the ones we
differentiate with respect to are called the Independent variable for example
it clear from the equation
 u u
t xx

That the dependent variable u( x, t ) is a function of two

independent variables “x” and “t”.

Uses Of (PDEs);-
Most of natural laws of Physics, such as Maxwell’s equation Newton law
of cooling, the Navier-Stokes equation, Newton Equation of motion, and
Schrodinger’s equation of Quantum Mechanics are started and can be in
terms of (PDEs), that is these law describe Physical phenomena by
relating Space and time derivatives. Derivatives occur in these
equation. because the derivatives represent natural things (Like
Velocities, Acceleration, Force, Frication, Flux, Current ),
Classification Of PDEs Partial Differential Equation
Partial Differential Equation classified according to many things
classification is an important concept because the General theory and
methods of solution usually apply only to given class of equation, Six
basics classification are,

1. Linear (PDEs) Partial Differential Equation;-

The equation is called linear if the unknown function only appears in
a linear form

a ( x , y ) u x  b ( x, y ) u y  c ( x, y ) u  d ( x, y )

 If equation involves ‘n’ arbitrary constants and ‘n’ independent variables

then we can obtain a PDEs of only first order
 If an equation involves ‘n’ arbitrary functions then we can obtain

nth order

 If the number of arbitrary constant are more then the number of

independent variables then we can obtain a PDEs of higher order

Non-Linear (PDEs) OF First Order;-

Those equation in which ‘p’ and ‘q’ occur other then in the first

degree are called non-linear PDEs equation of first order. there are

four standard forms of these equation

How To Solve a Partial Differential Equation
There Are Two Types Of Partial Differential Equation;-
 Linear (PDEs),
 Non Linear(PDEs),

1. Linear(PDEs) ;-
To solve the linear equation we use Lagrange’s equation.

P Q  R
p q

Where P, Q, R, are the function of x, y z

2. Non-Linear (PDEs) ;-
To solve Non-Linear Partial Differential Equation We use four
Standards

3. Standards I;-
The partial Differential Equation in the form

f ( p, q )  0
has solution

z  ax  by  c with f ( a , b )  0
2. Standard II;-
The Partial Equation of the form
z  px  qy  f ( p, q)

is called Clairaut’s equation form of PDEs, it solution is given by

z  ax  by  f (a, b)
f ( z , p, q )  0
z   If( xgiven
3. Standard III;-  ayPDEs
) by then
assume that u  x  ay
z   (u )
4. Standard IV;-
The PDEs of the form f ( x, p)  g ( y, qcan
) be solved by
assuming f ( x, p )  g ( y , q )  a
f ( x, p )  a  p   ( x , a )
g ( y, p )  a  q   ( y, a )
z z
dz dx  dy
x x
dz   ( x, a )dx   ( y  a )dy

Integrate the above equation to get result.