By

Dr. Khalid Ramzy

Faculty of Engineering
Suez Canal University
 Renewable Energy
Conventional Energy
(Coal, Oil and Natural Gas)

• 90 % of the worlds energy supply’s come from

fossil fuels
• Oil has 40 – 50 years left
 Consumption of Energy Increased by 85%
Between 1970 and 1999
By 2020, Consumption will Triple

Quadrillion Btu quadrillion 1000 billion (1015)

700
History Projections
600

500

400

300

200

100

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2005 2010 2015 2020
nanohub.org/resources/9002/.../Renewable_Energy_Sources.ppt
 Renewable Energy

Solar Power

Wind Power

Water Power

Biomass Power

Geothermal Power
 Solar Power
one of the clean and renewable sources of energy.
In ancient history humans used the solar energy in drying
products and warming houses.

1-The equipments used are not complicated.

2- can be converted into other forms of energy,
such as Heat and Electricity.
3- There are about 8-10 hours of sunlight on the
Winter Solstice (Dec. 22nd) and 14-16 hours of
sunlight on the Summer Solstice (Jun. 21st).
5
http://www.ren21.net/gsr
6
Solar Energy for Heating Water

Solar Cooker with Three Mirrors Glow Star

Concentrating Solar Thermal Plant (C.S.P)

It contains Collector Field - Turbine – Generator

8
Cooling Tower - Transformer
 Solar Power Stations
use the energy from the sun to heat water to make
steam, which is then used to drive a turbine.
Some solar power stations use a series of
mirrors to reflect light onto a boiler.

© Sandia National Laboratory/NREL

© Bill Timmerman/NREL
 SOLAR CELLS
Solar cells (or photocells) turn light energy from
the Sun directly into direct current electricity.
 Wind Power

Wind is the result of the Sun heating the Earth

and creating convection currents in the Earth’s
atmosphere.
Sailing ships, powered by the wind, have been
around for thousands of years.
 Wind Turbines
Wind turbines (aero-generators)
use large blades to capture
the kinetic energy of the
wind.
This kinetic energy is used to
directly turn a turbine and
produce electricity.
Wind turbines do not produce
any polluting waste, however,
some people consider them to
be an noisy.
http://www.ren21.net/gsr
13
 Water Power
The power of flowing water has been used for
hundreds of years to operate machinery. This power
can also be used to generate electricity.
1- Hydroelectric Power Station
 2- Wave Power
The rise and fall of waves
is a renewable source of
energy.

Effective sites for

harnessing wave energy
need to have strong waves
most of the time, to ensure
that enough electricity will
be produced.
 3- Tidal Power
Tidal power involves
building a dam across a
river estuary.
Water can only flow in
and out of the estuary
through turbines in the
dam, which harness the
tidal energy.
Tidal power is able to
provide a lot of electricity,
however building a tidal
barrage is very expensive.
 Biomass Power
Biomass is material from living
sources. The simplest biomass
energy sources are plants which
can be burnt to produce steam
to turn a turbine.
wood is burnt to give heat but
trees grow slowly and require a
lot of land. Other materials such
as the waste from chicken farms
can also be burnt.
Biomass fuels are renewable as
more plants can be grown,
producing yet more biomass.
http://www.ren21.net/gsr 23
 Biofuels Power

Some plants can be fermented to give ethanol, a

biofuel, which can be used instead of petrol.

Methane is biogas
which can be used a
replacement for
natural gas. It is
produced in anaerobic
digesters by rotting
animal waste and often
found on remote
© California Polytechnic State University/NREL farms, such as this
digester on a pig farm.
 Geothermal Power
In rocks under the ground,
radioactive decay of elements,
such as uranium, releases heat
energy that warm the rocks.
In some areas, hot water and
steam rise to the surface.

The steam and hot water which

rises naturally to the surface
can be used to generate
electricity.
The largest geothermal power
plant is in California and has
an output of 750 megawatts. © David Parsons/NREL
Research Projects in the Field of Renewable Energy in Egypt
Solar Water Heating Projects
Date of operation : 1980
Water pumping by the use
of photovoltaic systems for
irrigation purposes
Date of operation : 1990
Solar water heating and
restoration of waste heat
Date of operation : 1990
A side of Hurghada wind
farm : a turbine with
three blades structural Crouched ice manufacture
tower by the use of photovoltaic
Date of operation : 1993 systems.
Date of operation : 1990
 Solar water heating and Lighting of light signals by
restoration of waste heat the use of photovoltaic
spinning and waving sector system : Misr – Alexandria
Date of operation:1993 Road Date of operation :
2004
Solar water heating :
International Medical Centre
Date of operation : 2008

The first Solar Thermal A side of Zafarana wind

Plant in Kurymat farm 545 MW
Operation dated : 2010 Date of operation : from
2001 to 2010
• The most important element for the preservation of
life on earth.
• 3/4 of the earth surface covered with water.
• 97% of this water is salty.
• 3% is potable water found in:
– Underground - lakes
– Rivers - Ice
• Biggest problem today: Water pollution

• 9500 children a day die either because of lack of water

or, because of diseases caused by polluted water.
 In Egypt

Demand

Consumption

http://earthtrends.wri.org/
30
 Water Classification
According to Total Dissolved SolidsTDS
Water TDS mg/L
Potable water < 1000
Low salinity brackish water 1000 ~ 5000
High salinity brackish water 5000 ~ 15000
Seawater 15000 ~ 50000
Brine Solution > 50000
 DESALINATION
Desalination means you are desalting water, like
turning sea water into fresh water
Saline
Water
Fresh
Energy Water
Desalting Device

Brine
Desalination = Removal of Salts & production of fresh water
 DISTILLATION
Distillation means you are distilling water,
like turning impure fresh water into clean or
distilled fresh water.
Distilled
Water
Fresh
Energy Water
Distillation Device

Impurities 33
 Desalination
• Desalination is not just the
removal of sodium chloride
(salt) from brackish or salt
water.
• It can virtually remove any
mineral and organic chemical
compounds.
Desalination Importance
• Important for clean, pure drinking water.
• Good method to obtained fresh water.
• Simple technology, simple in design and fabrication.
• Low operation and maintenance cost.
 Desalination Process
• The heat of the sun
evaporates water from
the earth's surface into
the atmosphere, leaving
impurities behind.
• The vapor cools, it
condenses and falls back to
earth as rain, snow or other
forms of precipitation. It is
called hydrological cycle.
Five countries (Saudi Arabia,
USA, UAE, Spain and Kuwait)
share more than 60% of the
world production capacity of
desalinated water
 Types of Solar Still
• Single Effect Basin Solar Still
• Double Basin Solar Still
• Multi-basin Stepped Solar Still
• regenerative solar still
• Multiple Effect Diffusion Solar Still
• Chimney Type Solar Still
• Multi-Tray Multiple Effect Solar Still
• Humidification Dehumidification Distiller
• Multistage Flash Distiller
Single Basin Solar Still (Conventional)
37
Double Basin Solar Still 38
Parabolic Solar Concentrator
39
Solar Still Integrated with Fins
40
Schematics of the regenerative solar still
41
Schematic diagram of triple basin solar still
42
A schematic diagram of cascade solar still
43
Solar Still Coupled with Collector
44
Spherical Solar Still 45
Tubular Solar Still 46
Double Slope Solar Still 47
Concave Wick Solar Still
48
 Main Problems of Solar Still
• Low distillate output per unit area
• Leakage of vapor through joints
• High maintenance
• Productivity not constant
• Cost per unit output is very high