Apparent porosity

only equals actual

porosity if correct
lithology is assumed
(and porosity is
liquid filled)
Neutron Log – Effect of Matrix Mineralogy on Apparent Porosity
 POROSITY AND LITHOLOGY FROM WELL
LOGS
SUMMARY AND EXAMPLES

•LOGS THAT RESPOND TO LITHOLOGY – GAMMA RAY, SP,SONIC,

NEUTRON, DENSITY

•BOTH POROSITY AND LITHOLOGY CAN AFFECT THE RESPONSE

OF THE POROSITY TOOLS (SONIC, NEUTRON, DENSITY)

•ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE LOGS ON ONE WELL CAN ALLOW

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF LITHOLOGY AND POROSITY
 POROSITY DETERMINATION IN COMPLEX
LITHOLOGIES WITH MULTIPLE LOGS
Chapter 14
• Sonic log: Φ = [(Δt – Δtma)/(Δtf – Δtma)
• Density log: Φ = (ρma – ρb)/(ρma – ρf)
• Neutron log: Φ = ΦN for Ls and water, function of
lithology, fluid
• Each equation has three unknowns
– Fluid properties – Δtf, ρf, ΦN depend on fluid type and salinity
– Rock properties – Δtma, ρma, ΦN depend on mineral composition
of the matrix
– Porosity
• If we assume fluid properties, measurement of formation
properties with two logs will allow solving for both Φ and
the mineral composition of the matrix
Text:
Figure 14.3
Chart Book:
Chart CP-1c

Be Careful
Tool Specific
Correct f
 Vuggy Porosity Dectection

• Sonic Log will not detect Vuggy Porosity

• Neutron and Density Logs Will
• Importance: Touching Vugs have
extremely high permeabilty, Separate
Vugs do not contribute to Permeability
• Most common in carbonates, but may
occur in sandstones
• Vuggy porosity = ΦN or D - ΦSonic
POROSITY DETERMINATION
Wyllie time Average Method for
Determining Porosity
Dtlog = Dtf  + Dtma (1- )
Units of msec/ft (inverse of velocity)

 Dt log  Dt ma 
   

 D t f  D t ma 

Compressional Wave Transit Time (Dtc) (for use in Wyllie Time-average

equation)
In general:
Sandstone: 51-55.5 msec/ft
Limestone: 43.5-47.5 ,msec/ft
Dolomite: 43.5 msec/ft
Anhydrite: 50.0 msec/ft
Fresh water: 189 msec/ft
Salt water: 185 msec/ft
Vugs in Limestone
 EVALUATION OF GAS BEARING
FORMATIONS

•EFFECT OF GAS ON POROSITY TOOLS

•DETECTION OF GAS USING MULTIPLE TOOLS

•POROSITY DETERMINATION IN THE PRESENCE

GAS

•DETERMINATION OF LITHOLOGY IN THE PRESENCE

OF GAS
 OVERLAY OF TWO CURVES CAN REFLECT
THE PRESENCE OF GAS

• “CROSSOVER” OF NEUTRON AND DENSITY

CURVES IS CLASSIC INDICATOR OF GAS
• HOWEVER, MAY ALSO BE DUE TO CHANGES IN
LITHOLOGY INCLUDING THE PRESENCE OF SHALE
• DEGREE OF SEPARATION REFLECTS THE
SATURATION AND DENSITY OF GAS
• SATURATION VARIES IN THE INVADED ZONE
• NEUTRON READS MORE DEEPLY THAN THE
DENSITY TOOL – CAN RESULT IN A VARYING
DEGREE OF SEPARATION
 DETERMINATION OF POROSITY IN
GAS BEARING FORMATIONS
• ASSUMPTIONS – DENSITY OF GAS IS ZERO, HYDROGEN
INDEX OF GAS IS ZERO

• DENSITY AND NEUTRON TOOLS ARE READING IN THE

INVADED ZONE

• “EXCAVATION EFFECT” CAN BE IGNORED

• THEN Φ = [(Φn2 + Φd2) /2 ]1/2