Free Space Materials Characterization2010

Agilent Free Space Materials
Technologies Characterization
Shelley Blasdel Begley

Application Development Engineer
Agilent Technical Forum

Free Space Materials Characterization
Page 1 15 October 2008
Agilent Agenda
Technologies
What is it?
Free Space Measurement Systems
Calibration
Measurement Results

What is Free Space Materials Characterization?
Measuring Electromagnetic Properties of Materials

Using Free Space Measurement Technique.
Important for:
Circuit design
Military Applications
Car Radar Applications
New Materials Research
Incoming Inspection
Quality Assurance
Health and Safety
and more…

Electromagnetic Materials
Radar Absorbing and Stealth Materials

Radome Materials
Electronic Substrate and Packaging Materials
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Phantoms

Transmission Free-Space System
Computer
(not required for
Network Analyzer
PNA)
GP-IB or LAN
85071E Materials
Measurement Software
With Option 100
Free Space Calibration Sample holder
fixtured between two antennae

Lightwave Analogy
Lens
Incident
Bio-dielectrics: Theories, Mechanisms,

Applications, Stamford Hall, Leicester,
UK
Lightwave Analogy
Lens
Incident
Reflected

UK
Lightwave Analogy
Lens
Incident
Reflected

UK
Lightwave Analogy
Lens
Incident
Transmitted
Reflected

UK
Network Analyzer Block Diagram
Fixture
Incident Transmitted
MUT
Reflected
SOURCE

Fixture
MUT
Reflected
SOURCE
SIGNAL
SEPARATION

Fixture
MUT
Reflected
SOURCE
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
INCIDENT REFLECTED
(R) (A)
RECEIVER / DETECTOR

Fixture
MUT
Reflected
SOURCE
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
INCIDENT REFLECTED TRANSMITTED

(R) (A) (B)
RECEIVER / DETECTOR

Fixture
MUT
Reflected
SOURCE
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
INCIDENT REFLECTED TRANSMITTED

(R) (A) (B)
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
Reflected Transmitted
= S11 = S21
Incident Incident

Transmission Algorithms
Algorithm Measured S-parameters Output
er and mr
Nicolson-Ross S11,S21,S12,S22
Precision (NIST) S11,S21,S12,S22 er
Fast S21,S12 er
(85071E also has three reflection algorithms)

Before a Measurement Can be Made…
Calibration is required!

TRM Calibration
Thru
Reflect
Match
Hard to get broadband absorbers for match

TRL Calibration
Thru
Move the antenna away to

Reflect compensate for the
thickness of the short.
Move it back for the next
step.
Move the antenna away

Line on a quarter-wavelength
and then back in the
original position.
Precise positioning fixtures are expensive

Gated Reflect Line (GRL) Calibration
Two Tiered Process
Two port calibration at waveguide or coax input into antennas

removes errors associated with network analyzer and cables.
ECal, SOLT or TRL

Cal done here

Gated Reflect Line (GRL) Calibration
Two Tiered Process
Two additional free space calibration standards remove errors

from antennas and fixture.
Line
(empty fixture)
Reflect
(metal plate of
known thickness)

GRL Cal – How it works
GRL Cal Error Model (forward only)
2-port Cal Terms MUT 2-port Cal Terms
1 S21 Tt
GRL Error GRL Error

D Ms S11 S22 Ml
Adapter Adapter
Tr S12
•Coax or Waveguide 2-port Cal corrects errors from end of cable back into
the instrument.

1 S21 Tt
GRL Error GRL Error

D Ms S11 S22 Ml
Adapter Adapter
Tr S12
the instrument.

1 S21 Tt
GRL Error GRL Error

D Ms S11 S22 Ml
Adapter Adapter
Tr S12
the instrument.

1 S21 Tt
GRL Error GRL Error

D Ms S11 S22 Ml
Adapter Adapter
Tr S12
the instrument.
•Errors from Antennas and Fixture can be thought of as being lumped into
a GRL error adapter.
•The GRL error adapter is quantified by measurements of reflect and line
standards.

Time Domain of Empty Free Space Fixture
gate
Transmitting
Antenna
Receiving
Antenna
Air

1 S21 Tt
GRL Error GRL Error

D Ms S11 S22 Ml
Adapter Adapter
Tr S12
the instrument.
standards.
•The original 2-port Cal is modified to correct for the error adapter.

1 S21 Tt
GRL Error GRL Error

D Ms S11 S22 Ml
Adapter Adapter
Tr S12
the instrument.
standards.
•The original 2-port Cal is modified to correct for the error adapter.

Free-space X-Band System

Free Space 40 – 60GHz System

A Simple Free Space Powder Fixture
Close Up
Powder in Tray Placed
Between Antennae
Applications, Stamford Hall, Leicester, UK
Free Space 75 – 110GHz Standard Gain Horn System

Free Space W-band System

Free Space 75-110GHz Quasi-Optical System






Measurement Results
Real part of Epsilon
Rexolite measured with 110Ghz PNA and GRL Cal
2.57
y = -3E-14x + 2.5265
2.56
2.55
2.54
2.53
2.52
e'
2.51
2.5
2.49
2.48
2.47
7.500E+10 8.000E+10 8.500E+10 9.000E+10 9.500E+10 1.000E+11 1.050E+11 1.100E+11
frequency (hz)
Std Gain Horn QO table Linear (QO table)

Measurement Results
Imaginary part of Epsilon
Rexolite measured with 110Ghz PNA and GRL Ca l
0.03
0.025 y = -2E-14x + 0.003
0.02
0.015
0.01
e"
0.005
0
7.500E+10 8.000E+10 8.500E+10 9.000E+10 9.500E+10 1.000E+11 1.050E+11 1.100E+11
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
-0.02
frequency (hz)
Std Gain Horn QO table Linear (QO table)

Conclusion Free Space is a useful method for
measuring electromagnetic
properties of a of materials.
Innovative calibration overcomes

challenges of previous free space
error correction methods.

For More Information
Visit our website at:

www.agilent.com/find/materials

References
R N Clarke (Ed.), “A Guide to the Characterisation of DielectricMaterials at RF and Microwave Frequencies,” Published by The
Institute of Measurement & Control (UK) & NPL, 2003
J. Baker-Jarvis, M.D. Janezic, R.F. Riddle, R.T. Johnk, P. Kabos, C. Holloway, R.G. Geyer, C.A. Grosvenor, “Measuring the
Permittivity and Permeability of Lossy Materials: Solids, Liquids, Metals, Building Materials, and Negative-Index Materials,” NIST
Technical Note 15362005
“Test methods for complex permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of solid electrical insulating materials at microwave frequencies and
temperatures to 1650°, ” ASTM Standard D2520, American Society for Testing and Materials
Janezic M. and Baker-Jarvis J., “Full-wave Analysis of a Split-Cylinder Resonator for Nondestructive Permittivity Measurements,”
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques vol. 47, no. 10, Oct 1999, pg. 2014-2020
J. Krupka , A.P. Gregory, O.C. Rochard, R.N. Clarke, B. Riddle, J. Baker-Jarvis, “Uncertainty of Complex Permittivity
Measurement by Split-Post Dielectric Resonator Techniques,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society
No. 10, 2001, pg. 2673-2676
“Basics of Measureing the Dielectric Properties of Materials”. Agilent application note. 5989-2589EN, April 28, 2005

mm-Wave Free Space Results
Rexolite
expected
value
e’ = 2.53

Apendix
•Section
• •Title• Agilent Technical Forum
GRL Cal – System Considerations
•Determine Sample Position Fixture with Metal Plate

•Determine Sample Size
•Choose Metal Plate
Metal Plate

GRL Cal - Considerations
Empty Fixture
• Choose Number of
points to Avoid Aliasing
Minumum Number of Points =
Receiving
1 + Range * (Stop Frequency – Antenna
Start Frequency)
Where Range is the needed
alias free range in Seconds
Transmitting
Antenna
20nS

GRL Cal - Considerations
• Choose Time Domain Parameters
Empty Fixture Fixture with Metal Plate
Air at Metal Plate

3.5nS at 3.5nS

Quasi Optical System Schematic
Additional information available at : http://www.terahertz.co.uk/TKI/Agilent/Agilent_VNA_QO.html

MUT and GRL Error Adapters
After 2-Port Calibration
MUT
O21 S21 T12
O11 O22 S11 S22 T22 T11
O12 S12 T21
Six Unknowns
021 = O12 T21 = T12

O11 T11
O22 T22

MUT and GRL Error Adapters
After O11 and T11 are embedded into the original 2-Port calibration.
MUT
O21 S21 T12
O22 S11 S22 T22
O12 S12 T21
Four Unknowns
O21 = O12 T21 = T12
O22 T22

GRL Metal Plate Standard
MUT
P11 = P22 = -1 O21 S21 T12
P21=P12=0. O22 S11 S22 T22
O12 S12 T21
O 21O12
 plate_1  
1  O 22
T21T12
 plate_2 
1  T22

GRL Thru Standard (Air)
A11=A22=0
MUT
O21 S21 T12
A21 = A12 = e  j e ud
O22 S11 S22 T22
= frequency
e= permittivity of air O12 S12 T21
m= permeability of air.
d= thickness of the metal plate
A 21A12 O21O12 T22

 air_1 
1  O 22T22
A 21A12 T21T12 O22
 air_2 
1  T22O 22

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Agilent Free Space Materials

Shelley Blasdel Begley

Agilent Technical Forum

Agilent Technical Forum

Measuring Electromagnetic Properties of Materials

Agilent Technical Forum

Radar Absorbing and Stealth Materials

Agilent Technical Forum

Agilent Technical Forum

Bio-dielectrics: Theories, Mechanisms,

Bio-dielectrics: Theories, Mechanisms,

Bio-dielectrics: Theories, Mechanisms,

Bio-dielectrics: Theories, Mechanisms,

Agilent Technical Forum

Agilent Technical Forum

Agilent Technical Forum

INCIDENT REFLECTED TRANSMITTED

Agilent Technical Forum

INCIDENT REFLECTED TRANSMITTED

Agilent Technical Forum

Algorithm Measured S-parameters Output

Precision (NIST) S11,S21,S12,S22 er

(85071E also has three reflection algorithms)

Agilent Technical Forum

Hard to get broadband absorbers for match

Agilent Technical Forum

Move the antenna away to

Move the antenna away

Precise positioning fixtures are expensive

Agilent Technical Forum

Two port calibration at waveguide or coax input into antennas

ECal, SOLT or TRL

Agilent Technical Forum

Two additional free space calibration standards remove errors

Agilent Technical Forum

GRL Cal Error Model (forward only)

2-port Cal Terms MUT 2-port Cal Terms

GRL Error GRL Error

Agilent Technical Forum

GRL Cal Error Model (forward only)

2-port Cal Terms MUT 2-port Cal Terms

GRL Error GRL Error

Agilent Technical Forum

GRL Cal Error Model (forward only)

2-port Cal Terms MUT 2-port Cal Terms

GRL Error GRL Error

Agilent Technical Forum

GRL Cal Error Model (forward only)

2-port Cal Terms MUT 2-port Cal Terms

GRL Error GRL Error

Agilent Technical Forum

Time Domain of Empty Free Space Fixture

Agilent Technical Forum

GRL Cal Error Model (forward only)

2-port Cal Terms MUT 2-port Cal Terms

GRL Error GRL Error

Agilent Technical Forum

GRL Cal Error Model (forward only)

2-port Cal Terms MUT 2-port Cal Terms

GRL Error GRL Error

Agilent Technical Forum

Agilent Technical Forum

Agilent Technical Forum

Agilent Technical Forum