2.B.

2 Membrane Transport

Growth and dynamic homeostasis are

maintained by the constant movement
of molecules across membranes.
 Diffusion Oxygen, CO2

Osmosis
Passive
Transport Facilitated Glucose
Membrane Diffusion
Transport
Ion Channels
Active
Transport
Protein
Na+/K+ Pump
Pumps

Endocytosis Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
Passive transport does not require the
input of metabolic energy.

Passive
Transport
Membrane
Transport
Active
Transport
Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to
spread out evenly into the available space.
 The net movement of molecules is
down their concentration gradient:
from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration.
 At dynamic equilibrium, molecules move
in both directions at the same rate; there is
no net movement of molecules in any
particular direction.
 Passive transport plays a primary role in
the import of resources and the export of
wastes.
 Membrane proteins play a role in
facilitated diffusion of charged particles
and polar molecules through a membrane.
Example: Glucose transport
Example: Na+ and K+ Transport (Ion
Channels)
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a
semipermeable membrane.
• Osmoregulation, the control of water balance,
is a necessary adaptation for life.
External environments can be hypotonic,
hypertonic or isotonic to internal
environments of cells.
 Water will diffuse down its
concentration gradient, from an area
with more water molecules to an area
with less water molecules.
 A solution is hypertonic to a cell if it
contains more solute than in the cell’s
internal environment.
Tonicity

Animal Cell
Shriveled
More Solute Less Solute

Plant Cell
Plasmolyzed
Less Water More Water
 A solution is hypotonic to a cell if it
contains less solute than in the cell’s
internal environment.
Tonicity

Animal Cell
Lysed
Less Solute More Solute

Plant Cell
Turgid (normal)
More Water Less Water
A solution is isotonic to a cell if it contains
the same amount of solute as in the cell’s
internal environment.
Tonicity

Animal Cell
Normal
Equal Solute Equal Solute

Plant Cell
Flaccid
Equal Water Equal Water
 Water Potential ()

• Water will flow down its concentration

gradient from and area of higher water
potential to an area of lower water potential.
Active transport requires free energy to
move molecules from regions of low
concentration to regions of high
concentration.
Passive
Transport
Membrane
Transport
Active
Transport
Active transport uses free energy (often
provided by ATP) to transport molecules
and/or ions across the membrane.
 Active transport is used to establish and
maintain concentration gradients. It is
used whenever a molecule needs to be
pumped against its concentration gradient.
 Phosphorylation of a carrier
protein induces a conformational (shape)
change. Hydrolysis of the bound phosphate
group then restores the carrier to its
original conformation.
Example: the Sodium-Potassium Pump
 Cytoplasmic Na+ binds to Na+ binding stimulates Phosphorylation causes
the sodium-potassium pump. phosphorylation by ATP. the protein to change its
shape. Na+ is expelled to
the outside.

K+ is released, and the Loss of the phosphate K+ binds on the

cycle repeats. restores the protein’s original extracellular side and
shape. triggers release of the
phosphate group.
 Bulk transport across the plasma
membrane occurs by endocytosis and
exocytosis.
In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with
the plasma membrane to secrete large
macromolecules out of the cell.
 In endocytosis, the cell takes in
macromolecules and particulate matter by
forming new vesicles derived from the
plasma membrane.
Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis by
which cells engulf solid material to ingest.
“Cell Eating”
Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis by
which cells engulf dissolved particles.
“Cell Drinking”
 Learning Objectives:
LO 2.12 The student is able to use
representations and models to analyze
situations or solve problems qualitatively and
quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic
homeostasis is maintained by the active
movement of molecules across membranes.
[See SP 1.4]