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Munirah Hussein
FRESH CONCRETE
• Fresh concrete is that stage of concrete in which
concrete can be moulded and it is in plastic state.
• The characteristics of fresh concrete which affect
full compaction are its consistency mobility (wetness or fluidity),
& workability
(mix can flow into & completely fill the mould) (fully compacted, all trapped air being removed).
Slump Test
• Develop by Chapman in U.S. in 1913 and is very
popular.
• The test is suitable for detecting changes in
workability, e.g. increase in water content or
deficiency in the proportion of fine aggregate results
increase in slump.
• Test is not suitable for very dry or wet mixes. Very
dry mixes – zero or near zero slump and wet mixes –
completely collapse of the concrete produces
undesirable values of slump.
Munirah Hussein
• 3 types of slump usually observed;
• True slump
Usually observed with cohesive and
rich mixes for which slump is
generally sensitive to variation in
workability.
• Shear slump
Occurs after in leaser mixer and
indicates lack of cohesion and
generally associated with harsh mixes
(loud mortar content).
• Collapse slump
Usually associated with very wet
mixes, generally indicative of poor
quality concrete and frequently results
from segregation of its constituent
materials.
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Munirah Hussein
Compacting Factor Test
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Prevention of Bleeding in concrete:
1. Bleeding can be reduced by proper proportioning
and uniform and complete mixing.
2. Use of finely divided pozzolanic materials reduces
bleeding by creating a longer path for the water
to traverse.
3. Air-entraining agent is very effective in reducing
the bleeding.
4. Bleeding can be reduced by the use of finer
cement or cement with low alkali content. Rich
mixes are less susceptible to bleeding than lean
mixes.
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SEGREGATION IN CONCRETE
• Segregation can be defined as the separation of the
constituent materials of concrete.
• A good concrete is one in which all the ingredients are
properly distributed to make a homogeneous mixture.
• Segregation may be of three types:
1. Coarse aggregate separating out or settling
down from the rest of the matrix.
2. Paste separating away from coarse aggregate.
3. Water separating out from the rest of the material
being a material of lowest specific gravity.
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The conditions favourable for
segregation are:
1.Badly proportioned mix where sufficient matrix is not
there to bind and contain the aggregates.
2.Insufficiently mixed concrete with excess water content.
3.Dropping of concrete from heights as in the case of
placing concrete in column concreting.
4.When concrete is discharged from a badly designed
mixer, or from a mixer with worn out blades.
5.Conveyance of concrete by conveyor belts, wheel
barrow, long distance haul by dumper, long lift by skip
and hoist are the other situations promoting segregation
of concrete.
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Reduction of Segregation
1. Fresh concrete must be drop vertically not at
an angle position.
2. Avoid over vibration.
3. Avoid transporting concrete over a long
distance.
4. Use tube if placing concrete from higher
position.
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Munirah Hussein
Coarse
aggregate
falls to
bottom
Concrete mixer truck
Wheel barrow
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Munirah Hussein
Concrete conveyance belt
HYDRATION IN CONCRETE
• Concrete derives its strength by the hydration of cement
particles.
• In the field and in actual work, even a higher water/cement
ratio is used, since the concrete is open to atmosphere, the water
used in the concrete evaporates and the water available in the
concrete will not be sufficient for effective hydration to take
place particularly in the top layer.
• If the hydration is to continue, extra water must be added to
refill the loss of water on account of absorption and
evaporation.
• Heat of hydration of concrete may also shrinkage in concrete,
thus producing cracks. If the heat generated is removed by some
means, the adverse effect due to the generation of heat can be
reduced. This can be done by a thorough water curing.
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AIR ENTRAINMENT
• Air entrainment reduces the density of concrete and
consequently reduces the strength. Air entrainment is used to
produce a number of effects in both the plastic and the
hardened concrete. These include:
1. Resistance to freeze–thaw action in the hardened concrete.
2. Increased cohesion (solidity/consistency), reducing the
tendency to bleed and segregation in the plastic concrete.
3. Compaction of low workability mixes including semi-dry
concrete.
4. Stability of extruded concrete.
5. Cohesion and handling properties in
bedding mortars.
Munirah Hussein