BIOENERGY AND

BIOMASS

Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering
TKM COLLEGE OF
Guide: Prof. Shaleena M ENGINEERING

7740 ATHUL RAFEEK S L

INTRODUCTION
 Lignin present in lignocellulosic biomass is a major
barrier to widespread utilization of their
carbohydrate content. The lignin represents around
10 to 30% of the biomass existing in the biosphere.
delignification is vital to enhance enzymatic
scarification and microbial digestion of
lignocellulosic residues.
 Why Bioenergy?

 Economic growth and increasing population will lead to 1.6%

p.a. increase in globaly energy demand by 2030
 Increasing fossil fuels cost, energy security concerns and climate
change preoccupations have motivated countries to explore
alternative energy sources, including bioenergy – energy
produced through the processing of biomass
 Concerns about high fossil fuels prices and energy security and
efforts towards climate change mitigation will keep interest for
bioenergy high
 BIO-ENERGY AND BIOMASS

 Bioenergy is renewable energy made available

from materials derived from biological sources.
 Biomass is organic matter produced by plants –
terrestrial and aquatic – and their derivatives.
 It includes
1. Forest crops and residues
2. Crops specially grown in ‘energy farms’ for their
energy content
3. Animal manure
Solid biomass plant
Biofuel Classification
First Generation (from sugars, grains, or seeds)
 Biodiesel
 Ethanol
Second Generation (from lignocellulose: crop residues,
grasses, woody crops)
 Biological fuels

 Ethanol via enzymatic hydrolysis

 Thermochemical fuels
Second Generation Biofuels
 Made from lignocellulosic materials Biomass that is generally
not edible
 Larger fraction of the plant is converted to fuel
 Plants can be bred for energy characteristics (high yield, low
inputs
 Two generic processing routes: biological or thermochemical
 Can blend with petroleum fuels in most cases Substantial
energy/environment benefits compared with most 1st
generation biofuels due primarily to greater biomass usability
per unit land area
 Greater capital-intensity than 1st generation biofuels, but
lower feedstock costs higher cost-scale sensitivity
 Ozonation
Ozonation is an efficient technique in degrading the
lignin polymer and also helps to oxide
carbohydrates concurrently although the rate of
reaction with the latter is slower. Ozone is a highly
reactive nonlinear triatomic molecule towards
compounds containing double bonds and functional
groups with high electron densities. lignin is oxidized
in this process as it has high content of double bonds
 Efficiency of Ozonation

Efficacy of pre-treatment with ozone depends on the application method.

 Direct ozone dosing is the most efficient way to deal with such highly
reactive and short-lived molecule.
 Ozone can be dissolved into an aqueous solution from the gas liquid
interface, but this process is mass transfer limited.
 Traditional methods apply ozone with less attention to mass transfer
optimality, resulting in low efficiency and high operating cost.
 Ozonation is one of the most expensive lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment
methods. The high operating cost can be reduced by Microbubbles ,which
can significantly improve efficiency of ozonation
 Materials and methods
1. Microbubble Mediated Ozonolysis (MMO)
 In this method pretreatment with ozone-rich microbubble takes
place.
 Wheat straw is mechanically milled to obtain a particle size
~1 mm. The biomass is washed with distilled water and oven-
dried at 80C for 18 h. Wheat straw solution (1% w/v) is
prepared with distilled water and the pH set by adding
concentrated HCl or 1 M NaOH for the control. After MMO
pretreatment, the wheat straw is collected.
 Microbubble Mediated Ozonolysis And Microbial
Pretreatment(MMO-M)
1. After MMO pretreatment, the wheat straw is collected and
rinsed with distilled water for the MMO-M pretreatment.
2. The culture medium for the MMO-M experiment was
prepared with a composition of:1% MMO pre-treated wheat
straw (collected after the MMO experiment), 0.5% yeast
extract, 0.02% magnesium sulphate and 0.02% ammonium
phosphate dibasic. The medium is then sterilised by
autoclaving at 121 C and 1 bar for 15 min before
cultivating with Pseudomonas putida KT2440 at 30 C and
pH 6 for four days.
 Ozone generation and quantification

 Ozone generator (Dryden AQUA, UK) was used to

generate ozone and the concentration of the generated
ozone was determined
 Two ozone concentrations – 6.67 mg/L and 8.87 mg/ L
– were explored at varying exposure times (2, 6, 12,
24 h) to determine a reaction time long enough to allow
substantial oxidation of the biomass. The fluidic
oscillator was connected to the ozone generator that
fed a sintered glass diffuser (16e20 mm pore size) to
produce ozone microbubbles
 Experiment set up. Gas from the fluidic oscillator passes through the fluidic

oscillator to the ozone generator. The gas emerges as microbubble-rich ozone .

 Effect of pH and ozone
 Under acidic condition, the MMO-M pre-treatment
resulted in a considerable decrease in both
amorphous and crystalline cellulose as well as lignin
content
 Pretreatment under neutral pH only resulted in slight
decrease in cellulose and lignin contents of the
biomass at ozone concentration around 6 mg/L and
at higher ozone concentration, proved counter-
productive.
Morphological changes on wheat straw after MMO
and MMO-M pretreatments.
Graph of glucose production after 6 h pretreatment

(a) MMO pretreatment (b) MMO-M pretreatment

Conclusions

 Lignocellulosic biomass from wheat straw was pre-treated

with microbubble-rich ozone and a cellulolytic and
delignification microbe. Both physical and chemical changes
to the biomass were observed.
 Ozone attacks the carbon double bonds in lignin,
substantially degrading it and making cellulose more
accessible for hydrolysis. pH, ozone concentration and
pretreatment time are all factors affecting hydrolysis and
glucose yield with the latter varying directly proportionate
with ozone concentration and pretreatment time. Further
pretreatment with Pseudomonas putida caused considerable
changes in both the morphology and functional groups
content of wheat straw as well as enhanced the glucose
yield.
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http://www.memagazine.org/backissues/membersonly/dec01/features/preaching/preaching.html
Thank you