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Edwin Okoampa Boadu

Department of Applied Maths.
FEBRUARY, 20I0
 m



IF THERE¶S TOO MUCH

TECHNOLOGY IN THE CLASSROOM?
 › 


BILL GATES, Founder of Microsoft took
time out to visit some schools and this is
what he said:
³I need to see what you¶re doing with the
computers and how we can make it
better in the classroom´ (March 3, 1998)
   › 


resident Clinton says in a speech that
he wants to see
³the day when computers are as much a
part of a classroom as blackboards´
( Jan, 1998)
›


COMUTERS BETTER FOR STUDENTS ?

FOR WHOM ?
BETTER FOR SCHOOLS, DISTRICT, OLITICIANS ?
OR BETTER FOR TECHNOLOGY COMANIES ?
   
Modern education in statistics must involve practicals,
practicals,
Computer ± based data analysis
The question arises;
‰ how computational elements should be integrated into the
canon of methodological education ?
‰ Should the students see and study high level programming
code right at the beginning of his or her studies ?
  
 
‰ which technology can be presented during class ?
‰ Which computational elements can re-
re-occur (at increasing
level of complexity) during the different courses.
In this presentation, I will address these
questions and discuss where e ± techniques
have their limits in statistics education;
 

SINCE THE ENTERING OF MODERN COMUTING EQUITMENT INTO
SCHOOLS/INSTITUTIONS there has been increased efforts to
use computers not only for research and numerical
computations but also for education of students.
While traditional textbooks on statistics are usually
restricted to small examples;
Computers offer great opportunities to enrich the teaching
of statistics by means of explaining animations or on ±the
the--fly
computations of large real-
real-world datasets.
  !"  
!"  

Technology does not only hold opportunities and advantages,

there may also be hazards and risk (John Tuker 1989)
The outline of thoughts about the integrations of electronic
and computational elements into statistics along the courses
taught at Universities and polytechnic institutions in Ghana,
for business and economics.
Students from the bachelor, where statistics is taught in a
two--term lecture three hours a week, the students who
two
choose statistics as one main subject are required to take a
course on Multivariate Data Analysis (MDA)
To analyse high ±dimensional data by means of cluster
cluster--
principal component and factor Analysis.
Non and semi parametric Modeling focuses on nonparametric
density estimation and regression. Students compute data
analysis using SSS and real world data.
Supplementary to the computer based statistics courses
are XploRe.
XploRe. Numerics Introductory Course focusing on the
practical work with XploRe
XploRe..
 


#




  

#
The main components of MM*stat that was developed to
support the universities and polytechnic teaching of stats
are lecture units, additional information and interactive (non)
examples.
The structure called MD* Booklet has also been used for
Numerical Methods in stats and finance.
course(http://www.quantlet.com/mdstat/products/html
course( http://www.quantlet.com/mdstat/products/html))
These provide important formulas, graphics-
graphics-fully explained,
enhanced and interactive.
 $%
The interactive examples are one of the main features of
MM*stat by using a combination of embedded java-
java-based
XploRe Quantlet client :

CHECK THE OUTUT FROM THE SOFTWARE

ß  &'"
 "!%"
 2
    
2

‡ Additional information
1 ‡ Fully Explained examples

‡ Enhanced examples
2 ‡ Interactive examples

‡ Model shape
3 ‡ Behaviour
Remote or locally installed XploRe Quantlet server, the
student can compute distribution functions, histogram and
test results.
Compared with classical textbooks where effects of
parameters changes can only be presented as sequence of
graphics or tables, the user can experience the results of
different settings in realtime.
realtime.
Students can recall definitions of used terms in the glossary
which is linked in MM*Stat.
Student can complete multiple choice questions by selecting
radio buttons, the results are given instantly.
ß ((ß 
ß  ß  ! %'
Besides SSS which is used for computational statistics
courses the software package XploRe is also used for
educating students.
Developed by MD*tech ( http://www.mdtech.de )
Full--featured statistical programming language
Full
Uses matrix ±oriented approach with cc--style syntax.
Can handle diverse statistical problems conveniently.
 #)*#
#)*




Electronics and computational elements in education can be
limited from variety of different reasons
‰ technical implementation or the educational approach.
‰ MM*Stat relies on a complex framework, cascading style
sheets, java and javaScript
javaScript.. These were implemented in
different ways for each browser, so extensive work had to
be invested.
  

From educational point of view each use of electronics media

should be questioned carefully. Analysis by Brandes,
Brandes, U.
(2004) showed no significant improvements in the results of
those students who used MM*Stat in comparison to those
who use classical textbooks.
The educational limits also lie in the way the information is
presented.
The classical way of using a textbook or boards also offer
the opportunity to include on the fly notes from the teacher
or the student
   +

Electronic teaching solutions either do not offer this

capabilities at all or required significant technical resources.

),


-
DEMOGRAHY - is the mathematical and statistical
study of the size (# of persons in a population),
composition (measurable characteristics) and spatial
distribution (arrangement of the population in space in a
given time) of human populations, and of changes over time
in these aspects, through the operation of the five
processes of:
- Fertility - no. of children being born
± Mortality - deaths
± Marriage - age of getting married
± Migration - in and out migration
± Social mobility
 )

 
, 



To determine the number and distribution of a
population in a certain area for planning,
priority setting, and for purposes of fund
allocation.

To determine the growth (or decline) and

dispersal of population in the past.
To establish a ³causal relationship´
between population trends and various
aspects of social organization.

To predict future developments and

their possible consequences.
)
 
, 



Census - may be defined as the total process

of collecting, compiling and establishing
demographic, economic and social data
pertaining, at a specified time or times, to all
persons in a country or delimited territory.
 %%")!% 
, !" %!%.
Individual enumeration - each individual is
enumerated separately and the
characteristics of each person are
recorded separately.

Universality within a defined territory - all

people are included
Simultaneity ± a population is enumerated
using one reference date with respect to
a well defined point in time

eriodicity - censuses are taken at regular

intervals. reviously, every 5 years.
Currently, every 10 years.
/% %!%
 " .
@ jur m
 - inivials ar
assign 

 plac f
 ir sal
r si nc , wi

r f  nc

w 
 y w  ac
ally
n a
 ing
 c nss.
 @ fac
 
 - iniviuals ar allca



 ar as in wic
 y ar pysically
pr s n
a

 c nsus a
, wi
u

r r nc
 w r
 y usually liv .
 %! " " 
"%!%.
Geographic information - location at time of census
Household or family information - household/ family size
ersonal characteristics - sex, age, marital status
Economic characteristics - occupation
Cultural characteristics - language/s spoken
Educational characteristics - literacy, educational
attainment
Fertility data - number of children ever born
)
 
, 


01 1

2. Sample Surveys - studies done on a subset of a

population.
3. Registration System - deals with continuous recording
of vital events. Compulsory of births, deaths and
marriages
4. Continuing opulation Registers - continuous
recording of information about the population.
)
 
, 


01 1

Other Record Systems

± Voter¶s Registration
± School Enrollment
± Income Tax Returns
± Social Security Systems
,
)
-  



ß,)
,,#


Almost any measurements that can be taken of

human beings will show substantial variation by
age and sex
Ex. Illness and death characteristics are
affected by age and sex.
The age and sex structure of a population is the
basic demographic determinant of a nation¶s
manpower supply. It influences requirements for
various essential goods and services.

A population¶s age and sex structure is both a

cause and an effect. It determines the rate of
population growth.
ã1 ß,)
,,#


Tools for describing the sex composition

No. of males
a.1. Sex Ratio = --------------------------- x 100
No. of females
> The resulting figure represents the number of
males for every 100 females in the population.
a.2. Sex Structure = sex ratio for each group (life cycle)
Ex. sex ratio for pre-
pre-schoolers, sex ratio for school
children, etc.
 Some generalizations of the Sex
Composition of a opulation:
b.1 Sex ratio at birth is generally 105. There are more
males than females in the younger age group.

b.2 The sex ratio tends to decrease with age, eventually

falling below 100. This is because age-
age- specific
mortality rates are usually higher among males
than females.
b.3 Sex ratio is higher in rural areas than in
urban areas. There are less females and
more males in the rural areas.

b.4 Frontier communities and colonies have

higher sex ratios
+1 
,)
,,#


Tools for Describing the Age Composition

a.1 Median Age of the opulation - divides
the population into 2 equal parts. It is
the age below which 50% of the
population fall and above which the rest
of the other 50% of the population fall.
a.2 Dependency Ratio - represents the number of
dependents that need to be supported by every
100 population in the working age group.
op¶n aged 0- 0-14 + op¶n aged 65+
Dependency Ratio = --------------------------------------------- x100
op¶n. aged 15- 15-64
The dependency ratio provides an index of the age-
age-induced
economic drain on manpower resources.
1) %
"2
2  %"" 

b.1 Fertility
Fertility-- a higher fertility leads to a
younger population

b.2 Urban-
Urban- rural differences
In general, an urban population tends
to have an older age composition than a
rural population as a result of the fertility
factor.
b.3 eace and Order Situation (War)
Immediate post-
post-war periods bring about a baby
boom and a resultant younger population

b.4 Cultural practices, example, age at marriage.

Women in rural areas get married early (at 20
years old women are already considered old
maid).
,,#
,-

*
,,#
,-

*
2"%"  
2 %$  %""  
 !" 1
 Steps in Constructing a
Population Pyramid
1. Data Needed
> opulation distribution by age and sex
2. Compute the percentage falling under
each age - sex group, using the total
population as the denominator.
Construct the population pyramid using
the percentages computed. The following
general rules are followed:
a. Each group is represented by a
horizontal bar, with the first bar at
the base of the pyramid representing
the youngest age group
b. The bars for males are traditionally
presented on the left side of the central
vertical axis while the bars for females are
presented on the right side.

c. The length of each bar corresponds to the

% of the population falling in the specific age
and sex group being plotted.
 Yumber and Percent Distribution of the Population
by Age and Sex, Batangas, 1990
MALE FEMALE
Age group (yrs) No. % No. %
0±4 96,980 6.6 91,271 6.2
5±9 99,768 6.8 93,893 6.4
10 ± 14 94,039 6.4 88,962 6.0
15 ± 19 82,979 5.6 78,926 5.4
20 ± 24 72,587 4.9 69,241 4.7
25 ± 29 58,661 4.0 56,411 3.8
30 ± 34 50,732 3.4 49,523 3.4
35 ± 39 43,307 2.9 42,852 2.9
40 ± 44 34,962 2.4 35,773 2.4
45 ± 49 26,664 1.8 28,296 1.9
50 ± 54 22,360 1.5 24,373 1.7
55 ± 59 17,613 1.2 19,895 1.3
60 ± 64 13,612 0.9 15,820 1.1
65 ± 69 10,084 0.7 13,226 0.9
70 ± 74 7,849 0.5 9,959 0.7
75 ± 79 5,929 0.4 7,489 0.5
80 + 4,582 0.3 6,605 0.4
ALL AGES 742,708 50.3 732,515 49.7

TOTAL OULATION = 742,708 + 732,515

= 1,475,223
 Population Distribution by Age and Sex
Batangas, 1990

Ôales „
Females


  

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

    

    

„
  


  
 
Since population pyramids represent the age and
sex distribution of a population, this
representation may take on various shapes,
some of which do not resemble a pyramid at all.
Several types of population pyramids and their
unique features are represented by the
following figures
pype 1 pyramid has a broad base and
gently sloping sides. phis pyramid is
typical of countries with high rates of
birth and death. phe population can also
be characterized as having a low median
age and high dependency ratio.
pype 2, compared to pype 1,
has a broader base and its
sides bow in much more
sharply as they slant from the
0-4 age group to the top. phis
second type of pyramid is
typical of countries that are
beginning to grow rapidly
because of marked reduction
in infant and child mortality,
but are not yet reducing their
fertility. As a consequence of
a rapidly increasing
population, the median age is
decreasing.
phe third type of pyramid does
not resemble a pyramid at all,
but an old-fashioned beehive.
phis age-sex structure is
typical of countries with levels
of birth and death rates found
in the Western European
countries. Because of the low
birth rates, the median age is
highest and its dependency
ratio is lowest compared with
other age-sex structures. phe
dependents are mostly
elderlies.
phe fourth type of pyramid,
a bell-shaped one, is a
transitional type of pyramid.
phis represents a
population which, after
more than 100 years of
declining birth and death
rates, has reversed the
trend in fertility while
maintaining the death rate
at low levels.
phe last type of population
pyramid represents a
population which is
experiencing a marked and
rapid decline in fertility. If this
decline continues, however,
the absolute loss in numbers
will soon become apparent.
phe population represented
by this pyramid has usually a
low death rate and as
mentioned above, has
reduced its birth rate very
rapidly
 3)))



ß

1. Consumption atterns - If the population has a

large proportion of children, there is a need for
greater spending on food and education. On the
other hand, a large proportion of old persons
necessitate greater spending for medical care
and social services.
3)))


ß0 1

2. Death rate is affected by age structure. A

younger population has a lower Crude Death Rate.
3. Migration rates. Young adults tend to be more
mobile than middle aged and elderly persons
4. Variations in age and sex structure affect the
probabilities of marriage for men and women
5. ower structure. An older population is usually
more conservative.
  ,
,,#




1. Marital status - affects fertility and mortality
rates. The greater the population of married
women, the higher the Crude Birth Rate.
2. Religious composition
3. Lingual composition
4. Economic composition
5. Educational composition
 ,,#


Tools in Describing Change in opulation Size
a. Natural Increase
= number of births -number of deaths
b. Rate of Natural Increase
= CBR - CDR
c. Relative Increase in opulation Size (RI)
= Measures the % increase or decrease in
population count relative to an earlier count
t ± o
RI = --------------- x 100
o
Where: t = population at present time, t
o = population at earlier time, o
d. Absolute increase in population per year (b)
t ± o
b = --------------- x 100
t
Where:
t = no. of years between tie o and tie t
e. Annual rate of growth (r) = formula for r
depends on the assumption taken
regarding the nature of the rate of
growth of the population per year.
This rate of growth takes on the assumption
that the population is changing at a
constant rate per year.
 /% %"%
 , &" %
1. According to detail desired
2. According to time reference
3. According to Method of Estimation
ã1
  "2 
"
%"
a. Total population vs. population
subgroups
b. opulation by selected characteristics
(age and sex)
Examples: Estimate nos. of infants
Estimate nos. of mothers
+1
  "2 "
a. Intercensal Estimates - refers
to a date intermediate to two
censuses and take the results of
these censuses into account.
b. ostcensal Estimates - refers to a past or
current date following a census and takes
that census and possibly earlier censuses
into account, but not later censuses.
c. rojections - refers to dates following the last
census for which no current reports are
available.
The distinction between these two types are not
quite clear-
clear-cut.
v1
  "2   %"" 
a. Component Method (Inflow ± Outflow Method)
consists of adding natural increase and net
migration for the period since the last census to
the latest count or the latest previous estimate
best implemented where continuous population
registers are maintained
t = o + (B-
(B-D) + (I(I--O)
b. Mathematical Methods
1. Arithmetic Method
assumes an equal amount of increase
every year
2. Geometric Method
assumes that the population increases or
decreases at a constant rate, over each
unit of time
3. Exponential Method
assumes a constant rate of increase
or decrease, with the population
size changing continuously at
every infinitesimal amount of time
assumes population growing by the
seconds.


- is a relative number expressing the magnitude of one
occurrence or condition in relation to another.


1. Sex Ratio









2. Dependency Ratio

  
   !
 

  
 


- refers to the occurrence of events over a given interval
of time relative to the size of the population at risk of the
event during the same time interval.



Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

!
  
„!



 "%%%/
!  % ! 
"   "2 .
1. the character of the event in question;
2. the geographical area to which the event belongs;
3. the time period within which it occurred.
 '%% ! ! /.
1. date of occurrence than by date of registration
2. by place of residence rather than by place of occurrence
   %  %" "
""2 " .
1. The source of the numbers that entered into the numerator and
denominator, how were they obtained?

2. Do they represent an accurate count of the event under study?

3. What is the time period involved? A week? Month? Year?

4. Does the rate obtained after analysis measure what it is
supposed to measure?

5. Is the magnitude of the rate reasonable in relation to what

one may expect the rate to be?
 "/%
- measures the probability of dying
Different kinds of Ôortality rates:

 

"
 

#"
$
= potal deaths, all causes x F
Average Population

- measure the decrease of the

population due to death, the force of
mortality or the probability of dying

"% '2.
not a very useful method of comparing population groups
that are radically different in composition and may give
misleading conclusions.
2. Cause-
Cause-of
of--death rate (CSDR)
= No. of deaths from a particular cause x F
Average opulation

most causes of death rates are

computed on total population, except
IÔR and some age-specific rates.
3. Specific Death Rate:
- necessary to study in detail the mortality
conditions in a community

a)Age-specific-death rate

"
 



  
„!


 

 

b) Age-and-sex specific death rate

"
 
 
 

 
„!

% 

 
 

c) Age-sex & cause-specific death rate

"
 


 
 
 
„!
% 

 
 
1,  "  "/
- this rate may be cause, age, sex, occupation etc.
- used for describing the relative importance of
different fatal diseases in the population,
of different ages, sex, occupation, etc.
- can be calculated for specific age group
useful for determining the order of
importance of cause of death in different
age groups.

denominator: total death all causes

Swaroop¶s Index:
 
 
  



 

 





      


  




 

 !
 
 





!



    !
X 100

SI -

 


*1 "/45
= No. of deaths below 1 yr x F
No. of livebirths

O 
 
 
 !




   





ù1 ** "/45
ù1 
= No. of deaths below 28 days x F
Total livebirths

 
    
 
 



 
 

 



  


  

 
 
 

´1, %**  "/4,5
´1, %
= Infant deaths 28 days to<1yr x F
Total livebirths

8. Fetal Death Ratio (Stillbirth rate)

= Fetal deaths 28 wks. & over gestation x F

potal livebirths
(1," "/
= Fetal deaths, 28 wks & over gestation + infant deaths < 7 days x F
Total livebirths

ã 1 "/
Deaths among women directly due to
pregnancy, labor & puerperium xF
potal livebirths
measure the risk of dying from causes associated with childbirth

ideal denominator in the number of women but since this number is

unknown, the number of livebirths has been adopted for practical
reasons.

caution must be exercised in comparing this rate from different

places.
ãã1%)"/
= No. of deaths from a particular disease x F
No. of cases of same disease

O 
  




 

 
 
 
 " "/%
- refers to diseases or sickness
 &

 
 



'




= Yo. of Yew Cases of Dse. over a prd. of time x F
Population at risk
O this is a broad term & the figures in the
numerator is usually obtained from
notification during an interval of time,
usually a year and hence are usually
underenumerated
+1,'"
= No. of existing old & new cases at a point in time x F
Total opulation

O      
  


 
!


   
 


  
    

 )""/%
Most commonly used of fertility rates are:

ã1! ›"4›5
!
 
 
„!




   
 !



!
 

!



  & !
± &



+1 )""/4 )5
= No. of livebirths in 1 year xF
No. of Women 15-15-44 yrs

O more appropriate measure of

fertility
 ,
+
Relationships of Death Rates and robability of Death, and
Differential in Mortality Between opulations
Death Rate and robability of Death Calculation :
Deriving probability of dying (nqx) from observed mortality
rate (nMx), using the actuarial method
Let n Dxt = D = Deaths in age group (x, x+n) in year t
n xt =  = Mid-point population in age
group (x, x+n) in year t
n Mxt = M = Mortality rate in age group
(x, x+n) in year t
n Mxt = n Dxt / n xt

± Also assume that n Dxt are constant over

the years
± Deaths are linearly distributed
throughout the year
 " 

"""  "2" (/% "2" (

 %""  "2" 

Definitions

± Mover²A person who changes residence

± Migrant²A person who moves from one political area to
another
- Non-migrant²Non-movers and local movers

""" % 
Migration²Geographic or spatial
mobility involving a relatively permanent
change in usual residence between
clearly defined political or statistical
units; has dimensions of time and space

""" % 
In-migrant²A person who moves in a political area within the
same country
Immigrant²An international migrant who enters the area
from a place outside the country
Out-migrant²A person who moves out of a political area
within the same country
Emigrant²An international migrant departing to another
country by crossing the international boundary

"""  
Net Migration - In-migrants -Out-migrants
Net Immigration - Immigrants ±Emigrants

Note: Net migration for an area often includes both

international and internal migration

Gross Migration²In-migrants + Out-migrants = Migration

turnover

""" % 

Migration stream²A group of migrants having a common

origin and destination in a given migration period

Migration counterstream²In opposite direction of stream

 %""2"2" 
%" !

Let I= Number of in-migrants

O = Number of out-migrants
0 = opulation at time ³0´
t = opulation at time ³t´
B = Number of births
D = Number of deaths
'  


' @

%""2"2" %" !  

'  


' @

Estimates net migration as difference in population counts at

two time points and net vital events in-between, i.e.,
subtracts an estimate of natural increase during the period
from the net change in population during the period.

Also known as the bookkeeping method or balancing equation

 %""2"2" %" !  

Because the census counts and vital statistics are subject to

unknown and usually differing degrees of error, the residual
estimate of net migration may be in substantial error.

The relative error in net (in-) migration may be considerable

when the amount of migration is small
The residual method can be used to estimate net migration
for sex, race etc. «.
 %""2"2" 
  *  

Involves the calculation of estimates by age groups on the

basis of separate allowances for the components of
population change.

Estimates net migrants as the difference between actual

population at time ³t´and the population at time ³0´survived
to time ³t´(must do age-specific and then add)
 %""2"2" 
  *    

Survival rates are used instead of death rates because the

compilation of death statistics is often laborious, even when
basic statistics on death are available
Let j  = opulation in age group ³a´at time ³0´
j
= opulation in age (group) ³a+t´ at time ³t´
s = Life table survival ratio =
j

j
 m/% %""2
"2" 
Forward estimate
O
 
š 

=
„

=



O



 
  
Reverse estimate

= O
 
 „
 =
=




 ( O




 
  

Average estimate

Ô
Ô Ä

Ä
 ) 6 %"" 

All migrants come at the end of the time

interval (or, none of the migrants die for the
period between time ³0´and ³t´)
 '%%"" 

All migrants come at the beginning of the

time interval (or, all migrants are subjected
to population¶s mortality for the entire
period between time ³0´and ³t´)

'2%"" 

All migrants come at the middle of the time

interval (or, all migrants are subjected to
population¶s mortality for the half of the
period between time ³0´and ³t´)
 !"2%"%

When calculating the estimates, it is important to

remember that the survival rates for children born
during the period are of a different form from those
for the older ages, i.e., for the case of five years
between population counts:
   *  
Does not require accurate vital statistics but does require a life
table.

This method yields estimates of net migration by age and sex without
nearly as much labour as is involved in the use of deaths by age

Unlike the residual method, none of the variants of the cohort-

component method measure net migration exactly even when there
are no errors in the underlying population and vital statistics
  

The average estimate implies a more meaningful assumption

regarding the timing of net migration than does either the
forward or reverse method
 %""2"2" 

The amount of difference between the migration estimates

from the forward and reverse methods depends on the
amount of net migration and on the level of the survival rate
 !/
Migration is an important element in the growth of the
population and the labour force of an area.

International and internal are the two broad types of

migration.

Many indicators have been developed to measure

migration under its multiple facets
 " ›
 " % m/% 
! /"2"2" 
 ! *"2" 

Crude In-Migration Rate²Number of in-migrants

per 1,000 population
I * 1000

 ! !*"2" 

Crude Out-Migration Rate²Number of out-migrants

per 1,000 population

O * 1000

 ! "2" 

Crude Net Migration Rate²Difference between

the number of in-migrants and the number of
out-migrants per 1,000 population.
( I ± O ) * 1000

 ""%

Let Ma = Number of in-migrants (or out-migrants) in age

group ³a´
a = Midyear population in age group
Ms = Number of in-migrants (or out-migrants) of sex ³s´
s = Midyear population of sex ³s´

2*"""2" %

Age-Specific Migration Rates²Number of

migrants of age group ³a´ per 1,000 population of
age group ³a´
Ma * 1000
a
$*"""2" %

Sex-Specific Migration Rates²Number of

migrants of sex ³s´per 1,000 population of sex
³s´
Ms * 1000
s
 " %
Various types of ratios can be computed to indicate the
relative magnitude of in-migration, out-migration, net
migration, and gross migration to or from a country:

Let I = Number of in-migrants

O = Number of out-migrants
I+O = Gross migration
I-O = Net migration
 " % 001

Ratio of out-migration to in-migration = magnitude of out-

migration compared to in-migration
O
««««««««..
I
 " % 

Ratio of net migration to in-migration

I±O
«««««««. Where I> O
I
 " % 

Ratio of net (out-) migration to out-migration

O±I
««««««..
O where O > I
 " % 

Ratio of in-migration to gross migration = magnitude of in-

migration to the overall migration movement.

I
««««««««..
I+O
 " % 

Ratio of out-migration to gross migration = magnitude of out-

migration to the overall migration movement

O
«««««««..
I+ O
 " % 

Ratio of net migration to gross migration = migration

effectiveness (magnitude of the effective addition [or loss]
through migration to the overall gross movement)
I±O
««««««««««..
I+ O
 ,""2" 

LetIij= Number of in-migrants to area ³i´from area ³j´

Oij = Number of out-migrants from area ³i´ to area ³j´
Iij = Oji (by definition)
Also leti = Midyear population in area ³i´

j = Midyear population in area ³j´

 ,""2" 

artial Migration Rate²Number of migrants to an area from

a particular origin, or from an area to a particular
destination, per 1,000 of the population at either origin or
destination.
 !/
Migration is an important element in the growth of the
population and the labour force of an area.

International and internal migration are the two broad

types of migration.

The measurement and analysis of migration are

important in the preparation of population estimates and
projections
 #)
›#
The life table is another and effective way of expressing the
death rates experienced by a population during a chosen
period of time.
7- !
 
›%%8