MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Quality Education for a Better Mindanao
A. Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, 9200 Iligan City Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL & MINING ENGINEERING

Performed by:
Andoy, Julie Joy
Barredo, Apple Mae
Gomonid, Jana Marie
Mariquit, Eldwin
Suerte, Clyde Mae
INTRODUCTION AND THEORY
The partial molar volume of a component A in a mixture is the change in volume per mole
of A added to a large volume of the mixture.

To further understand it, consider this example:

Add one mole of H2O Add one mole of H2O to

to water, ethanol,
BUT
the volume changes by the volume changes by
18 mL. only 14 mL.

The quantity 14 mL/mol is the partial molar volume

of water in pure ethanol.

Objective: To determine the density and specific volume of a HCl-water solutions with
varying concentrations, and partial molar volumes of its components by using a
pycnometer.
INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

For a binary system with components A and B, the total volume of a molar solution can be
expressed as follows:
𝑚𝑙
𝑉 = 𝑥𝐴 𝑉ത𝐴 + 𝑥𝐵 𝑉ത𝐵 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) (eq. 1)

where 𝑥𝐴 and 𝑥𝐵 are the mole fractions, and 𝑉ത𝐵 and 𝑉ത𝐵 are the partial molar volumes of A and
B, respectively. [2]

The partial molar volume 𝑉ത𝐶 of a component can be calculated using the formula:
𝑚𝑙
𝑉ത𝐶 = 𝑉ത𝑠 ∗ 𝑀𝑊 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)

Where 𝑉ത𝑠 and MW is the partial specific volume and molecular weight of the component,
respectively.[1]
PROCEDURE
Step 1. Dry and weigh a 25 mL
pycnometer.

Step 2. Fill with distilled water with the water level reaching the top of
the capillary, wipe dry then weigh.

Step 3. Calculate volume of

Figure 1. The materials used in this pycnometer.
experiment.

Step 4. Dry pycnometer.

Step 5. Fill using a pipette with a 37.25 wt%

HCl solution.

Figure 2. Weighing of
Step 6. Make it reach the top of the pycnometer with distilled
capillary, wipe dry, then weigh. water.

Figure 3. Preparation of different

concentrations of
HCl solution Step 7. Repeat from Step 4 to Step 6, but the concentrations are now of 30,
20, and 10 wt% HCl solution .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data Sheet:
pycnometer w/ water w/ 37.25% w/ 30% HCl w/ 20% HCl w/ 10% HCl
HCl solution solution solution solution
W(g) 20.692 45.927 50.519 49.793 48.496 46.779

Table 1. Data obtained during experiment.

𝑥 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1000𝑚𝑙 1𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑀(𝑤𝑡 % 𝐻𝐶𝑙) = ∗ 𝑝 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ ∗ (eq. 1)
100 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1𝐿 36.46𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙

𝑐1 𝑣1 = 𝑐2 𝑣2 (eq. 2)

𝑚
𝑝= (eq. 3)
𝑣

37.25% HCl solution 30% HCl solution 20% HCl solution 10% HCl solution

C (M) 12.04 9.69 6.46 3.23

V (ml) 25.31 31.45 37.97 50.62
P (g/ml) 1.178 1.150 1.100 1.030

Table 2. Solved data using the above equations.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
0.98

0.96
specific volume (ml/g)

0.94

0.92

0.9

0.88

0.86

0.84
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
percentage weight of HCl (%)

Graph 1. The specific volumes of different weight % HCl solutions.

Specific Volume, Vs =
1 𝑚𝑙 (eq. 4)
( )
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔

10% HCl solution 20% HCl solution 30% HCl solution 37.25% HCl solution

Vs (ml/g) 0.97 0.91 0.87 0.85

Table 3. Data obtained from equation 4. (experimental data)

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1.1 1.1

1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8
Partial specific volumes of Water (ml/g)

Partial specific volumes of HCl (ml/g)

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 Tangent lines:

10% HCl
0.1 0.1 20% HCl
30% HCl
37.25% HCl
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
wt % HCL Solutions Curve line of
different
Graph 2. The partial specific volumes of water (left scale) and HCl (right scale). concentrations
of HCl
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage weight of HCl (%) Partial Specific Volume of Partial Specific Volume of HCl
Water (ml/g) (ml/g)
10 1.047 0.298
20 1.010 0.500
30 0.970 0.635
37.25 0.922 0.721
Table 4. Data obtained from Figure 2.

Let Vm be the partial molar volume of component A at some given concentration, thus,
𝑚𝑙
Partial molar volume, PMV = 𝑃𝑆𝑉 ∗ 𝑀𝑊 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) (eq. 5)

Percentage weight of HCl (%) Partial Molar Volume of Water Partial Molar Volume of HCl

10 18.87 10.87
20 18.20 18.23
30 17.48 23.15
37.25 16.61 26.29

Table 5. The calculated partial molar volumes of the components in the solution.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Molar Volume, 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑃𝑀𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑃𝑀𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ) (eq. 6)

10% HCl solution 20% HCl solution 30% HCl solution 37.25% HCl
solution

Vm (ml/mol) 18.47 18.20 18.44 18.84

Table 6. The calculated molar volumes of HCl solutions at different concentrations

18.9

18.8
molar volume of solution (ml/mol)

18.7

18.6

18.5

18.4

18.3

18.2

18.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
percentage weight of HCl (%)

Graph 3. The partial molar volume of solution of different concentration of HCl.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
𝑤𝑡% 𝐻𝐶𝑙 100−𝑤𝑡% 𝐻𝐶𝑙
Specific Volume, Vs = 𝑃𝑆𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑃𝑆𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ( ) (eq. 7)
100 100

10% HCl solution 20% HCl solution 30% HCl solution 37.25% HCl
solution

Vs (ml/g) 0.9721 0.9080 0.8695 0.8472

Table 7. The calculated specific volume of HCl solutions using partial specific volumes and weight fractions of
components within the solution. (theoretical data)

𝑉𝑠𝑡 − 𝑉𝑠𝑒
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = ∗ 100 (eq. 8)
𝑉𝑠𝑡

10% HCl solution 20% HCl solution 30% HCl solution 37.25% HCl solution

Vs (ml/g) 0.9721 0.9080 0.8695 0.8472

theoretical*
Vs (ml/g) 0.97 0.91 0.87 0.85
experimental*
% difference 0.22 0.22 0.06 0.33

Table 8. Comparison of the results obtained from equation 7 to the experimental data.
RESULTS
30 AND DISCUSSION 30

27.5 27.5

Partial Molar Volume of HCl (ml/ mol)

25 25
Partial Molar Volume of Water (ml/ mol)

22.5 22.5

20 20

17.5 17.5

15 15
Partial Molar Volume of Water
12.5 12.5 Partial Molar Volume of HCl
10 10

7.5 7.5 Wt % HCl:

10% HCl
5 5
20% HCl
2.5 2.5 30% HCl
0 0 37.25% HCl
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
mole fraction of HCl
Graph 4. The variation of the partial molar volume of HCl, and the partial molar volume of water with mole
fraction of HCl.

𝑤𝑡% 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 𝑀𝑊 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑤𝑡% 𝐻𝐶𝑙 100 − 𝑤𝑡% 𝐻𝐶𝑙 (eq. 8)
+
𝑀𝑊 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑀𝑊 𝐻2 𝑂

10% HCl solution 20% HCl solution 30% HCl solution 37.25% HCl solution

Mole fraction of HCl 0.05 0.11 0.17 0.23

Table 9. The mole fractions of HCl at different concentration.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results showed that the partial molar volume of HCl increases with its

concentration and molar fraction, exhibiting direct proportionality. The partial molar

volume of water, on the other hand, decreases with increasing concentration of HCl

solution and molar fraction, exhibiting inverse proportionality.

The potential sources of errors in this experiment are the improper use of the

pipette in transferring the liquids into the container, presence of air space in the

pycnometer, presence of liquid outside of the pycnometer before the initial weighing and

the improper use of the pycnometer. It is therefore recommended to use a graphing device

or software such as MATLAB for better and precise calculations.

REFERENCES

[1] Athawale, V.D. and Parul, M., Experimental Physical Chemistry, New Age International
(P) Limited Publishers. 2001. pp. 56-58

[2] Atkins, P. and De Paula, J., Physical Chemistry, 9th ed., New York: W.H. Freeman and Co.
2010. pp. 157-158

[3] Nguyen, T.K., Chemical and Materials Engineering. Winter 2009. pp. 36-37