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Eutrophication
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LAT1
gLMPu4
Eutrophication
• In pond water there are very tiny organisms.
– Some are photosynthetic such as the microscopic algae,
but many are heterotrophic like the animals that live on
land.
– The amount of nutrients determines the amount of
organisms.
– The most profound effect on the number of
microorganisms found in the water are nitrates and
phosphates.
• Low levels of nitrates and phosphates reduce the number of
micro-organisms. The water appears clear and sunlight can
penetrate deeper supporting the production of oxygen by
photosynthetic organisms.
Eutrophication
• In ponds where water appears clear and sunlight
can penetrate deeper supporting the production of
oxygen by photosynthetic organisms.
– Under these conditions, the pond or lake can support
large populations of fish and other organisms that are
adapted to relatively high levels of oxygen. Such a lake
in which oxygen levels are relatively high is known as
an oligotrophic lake.
Eutrophication
• Enrichment- the fertilization of a body of water,
by nitrates and phosphates mainly from
agricultural lands and from untreated human or
animal sewage causes the number of micro-
organisms to increase to the point that the water
actually appears turbid (cloudy).
– As a result of the bacteria, less light is able to penetrate
the water and oxygen concentrations tend to be
reduced. Such a lake is said to be eutrophic.
• Eutrophic lakes are generally shallower and warmer than
oligotrophic lakes and because there is a lower oxygen
concentration in the water, they are unable to support the same
type of fish populations
EUTROPHICATION
• Eutrophication is the accumulation of nutrients in
aquatic ecosystems.
• It alters the dynamics of a number of plant, animal
and bacterial populations; thus, bringing about
changes in community structure.
• It is a form of water pollution and like all other
forms of pollution is the result of human activities
influencing ecological cycles.
Fertilisers
EUTROPHICATION
• The nutrient enrichment of an aquatic ecosystem.
• Natural Eutrophication -- a process that occurs as
a lake or river ages over a period of hundreds or
thousands of years.
• Cultural Eutrophication -- a process that occurs
when humans release excessive amounts of
nutrients; it shortens the rate of aging to decades.
Natural Eutrophication
Eutrophication
The process of
m i n e ra l s m i n e ra l s
e s p . n i t ra t e s e s p . p h o s p h a te s
or
ganic m
e u t ro p h i ca t i o n
at
a lg a l b lo o m
er ial
c of mo r pl iegt hi t it o n c o nc so un ms uem f ae srst ec na on u' t g h
d e a d p la n ts d e a d a lg a e
d e t ri t u s
c of mo r pl iegt hi t it o n c o n s u m e rs c a n ' t
c o n s u m e fa s t e n o u g h
The process of Eutrophication cont.
d e a d p la n ts d e a d a lg a e
d e t ri t u s
m o re d e c o m p o s e rs
use up oxygen
b y a e ro b i c re s p i ra t i o n
(i n c re a s e d B O D )
a e ro b e s d i e a n a e ro b i c b a c t e ri a
(i n v e rt e b ra t e s , t h ri v e . R e l e a s e
Water Chemistry and
Eutrophication (I)
• Eutrophication brings
about changes in water
chemistry.
• These include:
pH
Dissolved O2
CO2
Ammonia
Nitrates/Nitrites
Phosphates
Water Chemistry and
Eutrophication (II)
• pH -- The pH of water reflects the CO2 contents as well
as the presence of organic and inorganic acids. Values
below 5 and above 9 are definitely harmful to fish and
limit growth of algal and invertebrate populations.
• Dissolved O2 -- The amount of dissolved oxygen in
water varies with temperature and pressure; high
temperature or pressure, low oxygen. Most
invertebrates die if oxygen levels fall below 4-5 mg/l
for extended periods of time.
Water Chemistry and
Eutrophication (III)
• CO2 -- Carbon dioxide is largely a product of
aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of organic
matter. It reacts with water to form carbonic acid.
Normal concentrations are usually less than 1
mg/l. Fish are affected at higher levels and
continued exposure to 10mg/l or more is fatal to
many species.
• Phosphates -- Present in low quantities in natural
waters; less than 0.01 mg/l. Released during
decomposition. High levels stimulate algal
blooms.
Water Chemistry and
Eutrophication (IV)
• Ammonia (NH3 or NH4+) -- Ammonia is a product of
decomposition of animal and plant protein. It is an
important plant nutrient. Natural bodies of water
contain > 1 mg/l. Levels higher than this stimulate
algal growth and are toxic to fish.
• Nitrates/Nitrites -- These N containing compounds are
formed during decomposition and are inter-converted
by certain species of bacteria. Natural concentrations
rarely exceed 10 mg/l and are often > 1mg/l.
Major Sources of Excess
Nutrients
• Major sources of excess
nutrients are agricultural
fertilizers, domestic
sewage and livestock
wastes.
• Agricultural fertilizers
provide inorganic
nutrients.
• Sewage and wastes
provide both inorganic
and organic nutrients.
Fate of Nitrogen