1-WO - NP2001 - E01 - 1 UMTS Radio Network Planning Process-++-P65

UMTS Radio Network
Planning Process
Contents
 UMTS Technical Features

 UMTS Network Planning Process
2
Radio Propagation Feature
 Propagation of Electromagnetic wave－straight, reflection,
scattering, diffraction
 Radio signal fading includes 3 parts:
 Path loss: fading with distance between transmitter and receiver
 Large scale fading：middle amplitude of fading with log normal distribution,
slow fading, caused by shadow effect
 Small scale fading: small amplitude of fading with rapid change, fast fading,
caused by multi-path effect.
Signal Rx Level Pathloss
= +
Slow fading
distance
+
Fast fading
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3
Multi-Address Technology
 FDMA
 Different channels at different
frequencies, such as AMPS and TACS.
 TDMA
 Different channels at the same
frequency are distinguished by
timeslots, such as GSM.
 CDMA
 Different channels at the same time
and frequency are distinguished by
different codes, such as UMTS.

4
Self-Interfering System
 Source
 Shared frequency spectrum caused
intra-frequency interference, multi-
Path effect, difficult to implement
perfect orthogonality with ideal self
correlation and cross correlation.
 Phenomenon
 Noise rise, soft capacity
 Solution
 Power control, admission control,
load control and careful network
planning
One of radio network planning

goals is to minimize self-interfering

5
Power Escalation
Uplink noise rise

increases with the
number of subscribers
non-linearly
Downlink Node B
power increases with
the number of
subscribers non-
linearly

6
Soft Capacity
 Soft Capacity  Cell Breathing
Interference

7
Power Control
 The signal for one subscriber is the noise to the others. The
transmitted power should be controlled in order that it would
not block other subscribers.
Near - far effect
despreading
Node B
despreading
Node B

8
Soft Handover
 Soft handover
 UE connects with more than one RL2
radio links with different Node B RL1
 Softer handover
 UE connects with more than one
radio links with the cells in the same
Node B
 Hard handover
 Intra-frequency hard handover
 Inter-frequency hard handover
 Inter-RAT hard handover

9
Coverage and Capacity Relationship
Normally,
Coverage is UL
160 limited
Capacity is DL
downlink load limited
155
path loss [dB]
Max. allowed
150
145
140
uplink load
135
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
throughput per sector [kbps]

10
Demodulation threshold Eb/No
Processing Eb/No
Gain(PG)
Subscriber 3
Noise Subscriber 2
Subscriber 1
 Eb indicates the signal energy per bit, Eb = S/R where S indicates

signal energy and R indicates service bit rate.
 No indicates the noise spectrum density, No = N/W where W
indicates chip rate (3.84 M) and N indicates noise.
Eb S W S W S
      PG
No R N N R N
11
Multi-Service Hybrid System
64kbps service coverage
Different services have
different rates, and their
coverage ranges and
capacities are different. 128kbps service coverage
384kbps service coverage
Different proportions and

composition of hybrid service,
with different system capacities

12
Network Planning Goals
We should do…
 Fulfill operators’ requirement on coverage,

capacity, and service quality, estimate network
scale, minimize investment, and simulate
to verify.
 Predict network development trend, and
prepare for future development.
Goals
 Maximize coverage in time and space.

 Minimized intra-system interference to
reach the required service quality.
 Optimize radio parameters to maximize
service quality.
 With capacity and service quality fulfilled,
minimize equipment number and cost.

13
Network Planning Policy
 The purpose of radio network planning is to shorten the

investment return period than lower the CAPEX as well as OPEX.
 Firstly for coverage, the solution is:
point coverage
line coverage
plane coverage

14
Contents
 UMTS Technical Features

 UMTS Network Planning Process
15
Planning Process - Requirement Analysis
Requirement Analysis
Network Dimensioning
Pre-Planning
Simulation
Propagation Model
Test and Calibration
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report

16
 Learn the customer’s requirement of coverage, capacity, and

QoS.
 Learn the landform and environments of the planned area.
 Learn the population distribution and average income per person
in the planned area.
 Learn information about the existing network in the planned area.

17
Requirement Analysis (Cont.)
Planning Area Sorting

 The purpose to sort the planning area
is to refine network design and layout.
 Different areas have different
geographical environment, vegetation
distribution, and building density.
 Different areas require different
number of Node B to meet the coverage
requirement.
Area type Area characters

Central business district, dense shopping center, dense
Dense Urban
residential area
Mean Urban Industrial park, shopping center, residential area
Suburban The edge of city, the center of village and town

Rural Farm, the edge of village and town

18
Coverage Requirements 64 k CS
 Different areas have the different

requirements for the service type coverage
rate.
 Different requirements for service type
and coverage rate in the same area will get
144k PS data
different number of Node B
384k PS data

19
Capacity Requirements
 No. of subscribers and their ‘profile’, traffic
model,
service type , forecast, “hot spots”

20
Cell load
 Load increases, Coverage reduces , System
unstable
12
10
8
Noise Rise
0
0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Load

21
Other information
The important building in the planning area
The information of traffic line, just as highway
The important villages and towns in the planning area

22
Planning Process – Propagation Model
Pre-Planning
Simulation
Propagation Model
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report

23
Free Space Propagation Loss
Pt Gt Gr  2
Pr (d ) 
(4 ) d2 2
Pt  2 
PL(dB)  10 log  10 log  2 2
Pr  (4 ) d 
 Pt: TX power
 Pr(d): Rx power
 Gt: Gain of TX antenna
 Gr: Gain of RX antenna
 d: Distance between TX and RX antennas
 PL: Pathloss in free space

24
Free Space Propagation Loss
 4d 
Loss  20 lg  
  
FreeLoss  32.44  20 lg d  20 lg f

25
Radio Propagation Model
 Factors in radio propagation model:

 In the space propagation, many factors enter into radio wave loss, including
ground absorption, reflection, refraction and diffraction, while these factors
are inapplicable for the propagation loss formula in free space;
 While planning and constructing a mobile communication network, you have
to make detailed study about electric wave propagation features and field
strength prediction before determining frequency band, frequency allocation
and radio wave coverage, calculating communication probability and inter-
system electromagnetic interference, and finally defining radio equipment
parameters;
 The radio propagation model presents the designer an approximate
propagation effect in the practical propagation environment to estimate the
space propagation loss. Therefore, the propagation model veracity
determines whether the cell planning is reasonable.

26
 The propagation environment plays an important role in setting

up a radio propagation model. The propagation environment in a
special region consists of the following factors:
 Terrains (mountains, hills, plain or water area)
 Number, height, distribution and material features of buildings
 Vegetation features
 Weather conditions
 Natural or man-made electromagnetic noise
 Working frequency of system
 Movement of mobile station

27
 Improvement to the space free loss formula:
Model Name Frequency Range
Okumura-Hata 150 MHz–1500 MHz macro cell
Cost231-Hata 150 MHz–2000 MHz macro cell
Cost231 Walfish-Ikegami 800 MHz–2000 MHz micro cell
Keenan-Motley 900 MHz and 1800 MHz indoor

environment
General model 150 MHz–2000 MHz macro cell

28
Cost231-Hata Model
Pathloss  46.3  33.9 lg f  13.82 log hb  44.9  6.55 lg hb  lg d  Ahm  Cm

f -refers to carrier, unit: MHz, applicable for 150 MHz–2000 MHz
hb -refers to BS antenna height, unit: m, effective height 30 m–200 m

d -refers to the distance from mobile station to antenna, unit: Km
Ahm -refers to mobile station antenna height correction factor
C m -refers to city center correction factor, 3 dBm for large cities
and 0 dBm for middle- and small-size cities

29
General Model
Propagation Model Selection
PathLoss  K1  K 2 log( d )  K 3Hms  K 4 log( Hms )

 K 5 log( Heff )  K 6 log( Heff ) log( d )
 K 7(diffractionloss )  Clutterloss
 K1-Fading Constant
 K2-Distance Fading Coefficient
 K3、K4-Mobile Station Antenna Height calibration
Coefficient
 K5、K6-Base Station Antenna Height calibration
Coefficient
 K7-Diffraction calibration Coefficient
 Clutterloss-Calibration Value of Physiognomy
Fading
 D-Distance between base station and mobile
station (km)
 Hms -Mobile Station Antenna Effective Height (m)
 Heff-Base Station Antenna Effective Height (m)

30
Propagation Model Test
Site Selection
 Test sites should be selected from

each environment categories.
 To cover enough clutters.
 The testing site shall be free of
visible obstructions around.
 The testing site shall be higher than
the surrounding buildings.
Antenna
Transmitter
Receiver
Laptop

31
Propagation Model Test (Cont.)
Route Selection
 All directions from the testing site

should be included.
 The vehicle should take a route to
or from the testing site in the shape of
“8”, net, ring, or spiral, with a
constant speed.

32
Propagation Model Calibration (Cont.)
Data Process
 Distance Filtration.
 Intensity Filtration.
 Land Feature Filtration

33
Propagation Model Calibration (Cont.)
Propagation Model Selection
PathLoss  K1  K 2 log( d )  K 3Hms  K 4 log( Hms )

 K 5 log( Heff )  K 6 log( Heff ) log( d )
 K 7(diffractionloss )  Clutterloss
 K1-Fading Constant
 K2-Distance Fading Coefficient
 K3、K4-Mobile Station Antenna Height calibration Coefficient
 K5、K6-Base Station Antenna Height calibration Coefficient
 K7-Diffraction calibration Coefficient
 Clutterloss-Calibration Value of Physiognomy Fading
 D-Distance between base station and mobile station (km)
 Hms -Mobile Station Antenna Effective Height (m)
 Heff-Base Station Antenna Effective Height (m)
34
Planning Process – Network Dimensioning
Pre-Planning
Simulation
Propagation Model
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report

35
 Link budget
 Capacity analysis
 Give need analysis report, and estimate the Number of NodeBs in
the planned area.

36
Network Dimensioning (Cont.)
Input:system load requirment and
coverage requirement
Uplink coverage Downlink coverage Uplink capacity

estimation estimation estimation
Quantity of BSs Quantity of BSs Quantity of BSs

satisfying uplink satisfying downlink satisfying uplink
coverage coverage capacity
Compare the results

and evaluate the
larger one
Based on traffic type Based on power

Downlink capacity
estimation
Quantity A of Quantity B of
Add BSs
channels to be channels availably
provided by every cell provided by every
on the downlink cell on the downlink
No
A<B
Yse
End

37
Link Budget
Antenna Gain
Feeder loss
PA BS Power
Receiver Sensitivity
Path Loss
Margin
Penetration Loss
Body Loss
Link budget
Coverage Target Mas Allowable Path Loss
UE Power
Raius No.Node B
Propagation Model

38
Capacity Analysis
Equivalent voice channels

Amplitude
provided by each cell
Inter mean
Virtual channel of each
Inter variance
cell
Capacity factor
Syetem Total_virtual_Elr Cell_virtual_Elr

Total _ virtual _ Erl
Cell _ virtual _ Erl
No.Cell

39
Planning Process – Pre-Planning Simulation
Pre-Planning
Simulation
Propagation Model
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report

40
Pre-Planning Simulation
Verify estimation with simulation
Give suggestions for Node B layout, location,
and area.
Guide site survey work
Existing site’s sources

Propagation model
Traffic model

41
Planning Process – Sites Survey
Pre-Planning
Simulation
Propagation Model
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report

42
Sites Survey
To get the necessary data needed by network planning

and simulation
 To learn geographical environment and radio
environment of the site
 To learn the condition of building site
 To learn the traffic distribution of planning area
 To provide the candidate sites for planning area

43
Site Survey
Site Selection Principles
 Convenience in traffic, reliability in city power supply, lightning protection

and grounding, small floor space;
 Network construction initial stage, ensure the coverage and quality of VIP
subscribers and the area with high user density ;
 Under the condition of no effects to the site layout, should choose the
currently existed sites as the candidate sites and utilize their equipment
room, power supply, tower, etc. ;
 Avoid the site location which is close to radar, if necessary, for the
security factors, should apply the correspond methods to avoid the mutually
interference ;
 Avoid to locate the site on the mountain, in the forest ;
 Avoid to select the sites which will be affected by the potential
constructed buildings .

44
Site Survey
Data Recording
 Site information: site name, site address, latitude,

longitude, building height, tower height
 Radio Parameter: azimuth angle, down-tilt, antenna
height antenna type, diversity type and separation
 Radio environment description
 Interfering source

45
Planning Process – Network Simulation
Requirement
Analysis
Network
Dimensioning
Pre-Planning
Simulation
Propagation
Model Test and
Sites Survey Calibration
Sites Layout
Network
Simulation
Output Planning
Report
46
Network Simulation
 Input several optional solutions simultaneously.

 Simulate all optional solutions.
 Select the most appropriate solution according to the simulation
result.

47
Simulation results－ graphic output
 Best server
 Pilot strength
 Pilot Ec/Io
 Soft handover probability
 Pilot pollution
 Service coverage probability
 Cell load

48
Best server

49
Best server
Over shoot erased
Over shoot

50
Pilot strength-CPICH RSCP

51
Pilot strength
Continuous
coverage of pilot
No continuous
coverage of pilot

52
Pilot Ec/Io
Pilot quality improved
Pilot quality not good

53
Soft handover probability

54
Pilot pollution-The number of pilot polluters

55
Service coverage probability
Coverage probability improved
Coverage probability not good

56
Cell load-Uplink Load

57
Statistics report
Simulation Statistics Analysis

58
Statistics report (Cont.)
Mean Attempted 992.850
Mean Served 964.050 97.10%
Mean Failed 28.800 2.90%
Mean In Soft or Softer Handover 271.250 28.14%
Mean In Softer Handover 66.400 6.89%
Contributions to Failure
No UL Channels Primary Channel 0.00%
No DL Channels Primary Channel 0.00%
UL Channels Channel Limit Reached 0.00%
DL Channels Channel Limit Reached 0.00%
Low Pilot SIR 3.65%
Downlink Eb/No (Range) 1.74%
Downlink Eb/No (Capacity) 0.00%
Uplink Eb/No 15.63%
Noise Rise 86.63%
No Carrier 0.00%
Excessive Pathloss 0.00%

59
Comparison between simulation and drive test
data
 Comparison between simulated and tested network performance
 Calculate the difference of

simulated and tested Ec and
Ec/Io in each bin
 Statistics on thousands of
samples
 Made comparison for 3 trial
UMTS networks in China:
Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou

60
Comparison between simulation and drive test data

61
Comparison between simulation and drive test
data
 Comparison shows that the planned network can predict the

performance of real network quite well

62
Planning Process – Output Planning Report
Pre-Planning
Simulation
Propagation Model
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report

63
Planning Report Output
 Report contents
 Networking requirements for the UMTS network
 Service model and demand analysis
 Radio network scale estimation
 Policy and principle analysis
 Networking proposal and solution to network construction by stages
 Attachment contents
 Propagation model test result
 BS address survey table
 BS engineering parameter table
 Radio parameter configuration table
 Network diagram and site layout diagram
 simulation result report

64

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UMTS Radio Network

 UMTS Technical Features

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

One of radio network planning

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Uplink noise rise

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Soft Capacity  Cell Breathing

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Near - far effect

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Eb indicates the signal energy per bit, Eb = S/R where S indicates

384kbps service coverage

Different proportions and

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Fulfill operators’ requirement on coverage,

 Maximize coverage in time and space.

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 The purpose of radio network planning is to shorten the

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 UMTS Technical Features

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Learn the customer’s requirement of coverage, capacity, and

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Planning Area Sorting

Area type Area characters

Suburban The edge of city, the center of village and town

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Different areas have the different

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Factors in radio propagation model:

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 The propagation environment plays an important role in setting

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Improvement to the space free loss formula:

Model Name Frequency Range

Okumura-Hata 150 MHz–1500 MHz macro cell

Cost231-Hata 150 MHz–2000 MHz macro cell

Cost231 Walfish-Ikegami 800 MHz–2000 MHz micro cell

Keenan-Motley 900 MHz and 1800 MHz indoor

General model 150 MHz–2000 MHz macro cell

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Pathloss  46.3  33.9 lg f  13.82 log hb  44.9  6.55 lg hb  lg d  Ahm  Cm

hb -refers to BS antenna height, unit: m, effective height 30 m–200 m

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

PathLoss  K1  K 2 log( d )  K 3Hms  K 4 log( Hms )

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 Test sites should be selected from

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

 All directions from the testing site

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

PathLoss  K1  K 2 log( d )  K 3Hms  K 4 log( Hms )

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved