量子力學導論

Textbook
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics / David J. Griffiths
Prentice Hall / 1995

Reference
Principles of Quantum Mechanics
- as applied to chemistry and chemical physics
Donald D. Fitts
Cambridge University Press / 1999
 量子力學導論
Chap 1 - The Wave Function
Chap 2 - The Time-independent Schrödinger Equation
Chap 3 - Formalism in Hilbert Space
Chap 4 - 表象理論
 Quantum Mechanics
Chap 1 - The Wave Function
► Schrödinger equation
Classical mechanics:

Newton’s second law :

wave function

time-depedent Schröinger equation :

 Quantum Mechanics
► Statistical interpretation
Born’s statistical interpretation :
{ probability of finding the particle
between x and (x+dx) at time t }

► Probability
is probability density

 ( x, t ) dx
2
The probability of infinite interval :

 Quantum Mechanics
► Normalization

 ( x, t ) dx  1
2


(i) If  ( x, t ) is a solution , then A ( x, t ) is also a solution.

Normalized the wave function to determine the factor A
(ii) If the integral is infinite for some wave functions,
no factor to make it been normalizable.
The non-normalizable wave function cannot represent
particles.
(iii) the condition of wave function which can be normalizable
 Quantum Mechanics
► Operator and expectation value (average / mean)
expectation value of position x :
 
x   x ( x, t ) dx   * xdx
2
 
expectation value of momentum :

operator x represent position;

operator represent momentum in x-direction.
■ all physics quantities can be written in terms of position
and momentum
 Quantum Mechanics
► Heisenberg uncertainty principle

(proof ref. chap 3)

standard deviation
the variance of distribution, where
individual physics quantity
 2  (j ) 2  ( j  j ) 2

 ( j2  2 j j  j )
2

 j2  2 j j  j
2

 j2  j
2
 Quantum Mechanics
so standard deviation in position
standard deviation in momentum