Introduction

 Initially in satellite communication frequency

modulation was used for transmission of analog
signals
 Voice channels were multiplexed using frequency
division multiplexing
 Video distribution
 Initially only 3 TV networks were created prior to 1970
 ABC, CBS, NBC
 Because of the lower cost and wide distribution of
video signals many channels were produced
 During mid 1970s-90s video distribution was done
using FM modulation at C and Ku band which cost
$1M per year
 Hence digital transmission was introduced to lower
the bit rate but the analog TV sets could not handle
the digital signals so FM was still in use.
 Television signals
 Generated and distributed in analog form
 2 most common standards used in television channel
are: North American and Japanese NTSC system &
European and other uses PAL system
 NTSC(National Television System Committee) uses
525lines/60Hz
 PAL(Phase Alternation Line) uses 625lines/50Hz
 Luminance: The analog representation of brightness
in the picture along with the lines.
 Synchronization Pulses: helps in recreation of the
scanning process of the camera
 For a color TV transmitting the color components of
the each pixel requires more bandwidth instead 3
linear combinations of 3 components are transmitted
and then are recovered at receiver
 TV camera generates voltage levels according to the
Red, Blue, Green colors which given by equation:
Y=0.3R+0.5G+0.11B
where Y=Luminance and R,G,B are the corresponding color voltages
 For reconstruction of all colors R,G,B 2 other equations
has to be transmitted
I=0.6R-0.29G-0.32B
Q=0.21R-0.32G-0.31B

where I is in-phase and Q is quadrature

 They both together carry the chrominance
information of the signal
 Chrominance is color at each point in the picture
 Amplitude of the modulated color subcarrier signal
determines the saturation(degree of purity) whereas
the phase determines the hue of the color
 Luminance and synchronization pulses requires a
bandwidth of 4.2MHz
 Chrominance signal is transmitted by color sub carrier
at 3.58MHz
 This value is chosen because it places the chrominance
signal in relatively empty part of the luminance
spectrum and minimizes interference with black and
white reception
 Audio: ranges from 50Hz to 15kHz
 Audio waveform is frequency modulated and then the
FM waveform is added to video baseband
 In US domestic system transmitter analog television
signals using FM with an subcarrier frequency of
6.8MHz

Spectra of video baseband signal Spectra of video + audio signal

Terrestrial broadcasting
 The luminance signal is filtered to occupy the band
from 0 to 4.2MHz
 It modulates the video carrier using VSB modulator
 The upper sideband is transmitted in full and the
lower sideband is partially removed
 The audio and video signals combines in frequency to
an appropriate part of VHF or UHF band for
transmission
 The combined signal= FM(sound)+ VSB(luminance)+
quadrature DSBSC(chrominance)
Carson’s Bandwidth Rule
 CBR=2(Δf + fm)
where CBR=bandwidth required, Δf is peak frequency
deviation, fm is the highest frequency in modulating
signal
Typical values for TV networks:
Δf=10.75MHz, fm=4.2MHz
Hence the CBR=29.9MHz
SNR for FM video transmission
 S/N=C/N+ 10log(Brf/fmax)+20log(∆f/fmax)+
1.8+P+QdB
Q=subjective improvement factor or weighting factor
P=Pre emphasis filtering gain
 Video signals vary from 0V for maximum brightness
and 1V for full black
 Typical value for Q in NTSC system is 8dB
 FM Threshold
 It is the C/N value below which the S/N improvement
degrades
 It is also defined as the value of C/N at which there is a
loss of 1dB in S/N improvement
 For conventional demodulator value is 13dB
 On TV the noise spikes appear as sparklies white dots
and lines
Causes of Noise in the signal
 When the IF amplifier noise has an amplitude 1/4th to
that of the original signal then occasional peaks of
noise ‘ll be more than the signal
 If the phase of the noise is 180 degrees to that of signal
then a small change in the phase of noise will make
large changes in the phase of signal
 Larger the frequency deviation larger the change in the
phase angle of the signal
 For reducing this use of threshold extension
demodulators are used, they have the threshold value
4 to 5 dB down
 SCPS FM Links
 Signal Channel Per Carrier
 Each station transmits at an assigned RF frequency
 It works well with wideband FM
 No subjective improvement factor used unless
companding is used
For a linear system without companding baseband S/N
ratio is given as:
S/N=C/N+ 10log(Brf/fmax)+20log(∆f/fmax)+1.8+P
Data transmission using analog FM
channel
 Baseband waveforms used in digital transmission are
called zero RSI waveforms
 The waveforms at the transmitter must be sent via
linear tx system to avoid distortion
 Theorotical C/N should 10dB
 Margin of 0.5 to 2dB has to be added for distortion and
non linear filters, etc
 RF channel bW in UHF and VHF is 15kHz so
narrowband FM should be used
 The RF created by transmitter is FSK but waveform is
of form CSFSK(continuous phase FSK)
 CSFSK changes the phase of waveform continuous
than abruptly
 CSFSK and MSK both have good spectral efficiency
and low error rates for a given C/N.