CHAPTER 4: 4.

PROTEINS

NAME: 1)Nur Muhammad Syamil bin Nor Arjuna

2)Muhammad Irfan Iqbal bin Ridzuan
3)Nurazim
4)Danish Zulfan bin Dzulkifli
5)Adham bin Nor Hisam
6)Muhammad Akmal

CLASS: 4 MAJU
 DEFINITION:

 Complex organic molecules which are made up of the

elements:

carbon nitrogen

oxygen
hydrogen

-Proteins made up of one or more polymers, known as

polypeptides
-Each polypeptide made up of monomers called amino acids
-A dipeptide consists of two molecules of amino acids that are
linked together by a peptide bond
-This peptide bond are formed through condensation
-One water molecule is removed
-A dipeptide can be broken down into amino acids through
hydrolysis

condensation
Amino
acid Dipeptide
+ water
Amino
acid hydrolysis
Further condensation
-Can link more amino acids to form polypeptide chain

Hydrolysis
-Polypeptides that are broken down by digestive enzymes in a
hydrolysis are absorbed into bloodstream
-These amino acids are be used to synthesise protein molecules
that are neede by the body
 2 TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS:
 There are 20 naturally occuring amino acids

Essential amino acids:

• Cannot be synthesised by the body

Exp: leucine

• 9 essential amino acids which can only be obtained

from a healthy diet

NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS:

• Can be synthesised by the body

• These amino acids are derived from other amino

acids

• 11 non-essential amino acids

 PROTEIN STRUCTURES

 Many types of polypeptides can be formed from the 20 amino acids

4 level of protein organisation

 PRIMARY STRUCTURES

 Refers to the pecific linear sequence

of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

SECONDARY STRUCTURES

 Refers to the polypeptide chain that is

coiled
 Form an alpha-helix (a-helix) or folded
into beta-pleated (B-pleated) sheets

 These chain and sheets structures are

held together by hydrogen bonds
 TERTIARY STRUCTURE

 Refers to the way the helix chains or

the beta-pleated sheets are folded or
coiled into a three-dimensional shape
of polypeptide chain

 Exp: enzymes,hormones,plasma
proteins and antibodies

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

 Refers to the way 2 or more tertiary

polypeptide chains are arranged

 Formed a functional and complex

protein molecule

 Exp: haemoglobin ,which consists of 4

polypeptide chains