Class Name : 4 MAJU

CHEMICAL COMPOPSITION
OF THE CELL
4.4 Lipids
•1. Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Some lipids contain nitrogen and phosphorus.

Lipids
Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen. Some lipids contain nitrogen
and phosphorus.
Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in
other lipids and organic solvents such as
alcohol and ether.
Types of lipids

 Fats and oils

 Waxes
 Phospholipids
 Steroids
 (a) Fats and oils
Condensation and hydrolysis of
triglycerides
 Fats and oils are triglycerides
A triglyceride is formed by the
condensation of one molecule of
glycerol and three molecules of
fatty acids
A triglyceride is can be broken into
fatty acids and glycerol through
hydrolysis.
Two types of fats: saturated fats and unsaturated fats.
Comparison between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

SIMILARITIES

Both are triglycerides and contain fatty acids

 Differences between saturated and
unsatured fat

Saturated fats Unsaturated fats

Contains saturated fatty acids Contains unsaturated fatty acids

Do not have any double bonds between Have a least one double bond between the
the carbon atoms carbon atoms
Contains maximum number Contains less than maximum
of hydrogen number of hydrogen. It still
can take in hydrogen
Solid at room temperature. Liquid at room temperature

Has a high melting point Has a low melting point

Increases the cholesterol Decreases the cholesterol

level in the blood level in the blood
Example: Animal fats such as Example: Vegetable oil such
butter as corn oil
Waxes
- - Similar to triglycerides.
- - Fatty acids are bonded to long-chai alcohol.
- - Usually hard solid at room temperature.
- - Used to waterproof the external surfaces.
- - Cuticle of a leaf and protective covering of an insect is
made up of waxed.
- - Constituent of the honeycomb of bees.
Phospholipids
- Similar structure to triglycerides.
- - End of phospholipid containing the phosphate group is
hydrophilic ( water-living )
- - The other end containing hydrocarbon chains of the
fatty acids is hydrophobic ( water-hating )
- - Hydrophilic is soluble in water.
- - Hydrophobic is insoluble in water.
- - Phospholipids bilayers form the basis of all cell
membranes.
Steroid
- - Has a complex ring structure.
- - Occur in plants and animals.
- - Example of steroids :
- : cholesterol – strengthen the cell membrane at high
temperature
- : testosterone – male reproductive hormones
- : oestrogen / progesterone – female reproductive
hormones
Saturated and unsaturated fats
Example of saturated fats
:- lard
:- butter
:- cream

Example of unsaturated fats

:- olive oil
:- corn oil
:- sunflower oil
Conclusion

 Lipidsplays a lot of important role in our body because it is

acting as fats in the body. Fats plays many important role
such as provide energy for the body to produce
hormones. Moreover we cannot digest or absorb food
properly without lipids so it is very important to the body.
Questions & Discussion
1. What do lipids have in common?
All lipids are hydrophobic, which means it is insoluble in
water.
2. Describe the molecular structure of saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids consists of single bonds connected to
each carbon while unsaturated acids consists of single and
double bonds connected to its carbon atoms.
3. Why are unsaturated fats considered healthier?
It has to do with calorie content. The carbon-hydrogen
covalent bond is packed with energy. The more of this bond
exist in the molecule the more calories the molecule has.
Saturated fats have a maximum number of carbon-
hydrogen bond it is super rich of calories.
Hope this presentation is enough
to explain about lipids
Thank you from us