GAS TURBINE

POWER PLANT

BY: Ms. MONIKA DESHWAL

 PRINCIPLE

• The basic operation of the gas turbine is a Brayton cycle with

air as the working fluid. Fresh atmospheric air flows through the
compressor that brings it to higher pressure. Energy is then
added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the
combustion generates a high-temperature flow. This high-
temperature high-pressure gas enters a turbine, where it expands
down to the exhaust pressure, producing a shaft work output in
the process.

• Gases are directly expanded in the gas turbine.

• Different from the diesel engine since the combustion region is

external to the prime mover.
PRINCIPLE:
 GAS TURBINE CYCLE
•A gas turbine can work either on an open
cycle or on a closed cycle.
•In the open cycle, the air entering the
compressor is continuously taken from the
atmosphere and the exhaust gases from the
gas turbine are continuously discharged to
the atmosphere.
•In the closed cycle, the working medium is
continuously circulated through the system. It
is neither taken from the atmosphere nor
then returned to the system.
 OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE

COMPONENTS:

•Air Compressor
•Combustion chamber
•Gas Turbine
 WORKING

•Atmospheric air enters the air compressor which compresses it to a

pressure of 3 or 4 atmosphere, with increase in its temperature.
• Pressurized air then enters the combustion chamber. Only part of
this air enters the combustor basket to mix and burn with the fuel.
•The temperature of the combustion gases at this stage is very high
of the order of 1650oC.
•This high temperature must be brought down to a level so that the
temperature stresses in the turbine blades do not become
excessive. This is achieved by allowing the remainder air to enter
the combustor through openings to mix with and cool down the
combustion gases.
 MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF GAS TURBINE

1. Aviation(self contained, light weight don’t require cooling)

2. Power Generation
3. Oil and Gas industry(cheaper supply of fuel and low installation cost)
4. Marine propulsion

Efficiency is 20 to 30% whereas that

of steam power plant is 38 to 48%.
 THERMAL REFINEMENTS OF SIMPLE OPEN CYCLE

This can raise the plant efficiency to over 30% and thereby obliterate the advantage of fuel
efficiency possessed by diesel or condensing steam power plants.

These refinements are-

•Regeneration
•Reheating
•Intercooling
 REGENERATION
•The heat energy from the exhaust gases is transferred to the compressed air before it
enters the combustion chamber.
•There will be saving in fuel if the same final temperature of the combustion gases is to
be attained.
•Reduction of waste heat.
 REHEATING

•The combustion gases are expanded in two turbines

•The exhaust of the high pressure turbine is reheated in a reheater and then
expanded in a low pressure turbine
•The power output of the turbine is increased but then cost of additional fuel may
be heavy unless a heat exchanger is also used.
 INTERCOOLING

•The work input in compression is minimum if the process is isothermal.

•To achieve this , the heat from the compressed air is removed between stages of
compression.
•Usually cooling medium is water
•The greater the number of stags of compression with intercooling between each
stage, the closer will be the approximation to an isothermal process.
 ADVANTAGES

•Simplicity. It is simple in construction. There is no need for boiler, condenser and other
accessories as in the case of steam power plants.
•Compact design, high speed and high power.
•No Warm up Time
•Storage of fuel requires less area and handling is easy.
•Flexibility
•Low weight and size
•Independent System
•Any hydrocarbon Fuels can be burned. Cheaper fuel such as kerosene , paraffin,
benzene and powdered coal can be used which are cheaper than petrol and diesel.
•The cost of maintenance is less.
•Gas turbine plants can be used in water scarcity areas. Less pollution and less water is
required .
•Simple lubrication system.
•The gas turbine can be driven at a very high speed i.e 40000 rpm.
 DISADVANTAGES

1. 66% of the power developed is used to drive the compressor. Therefore the gas
turbine unit has a low thermal efficiency.

2. The running speed of gas turbine is in the range of (20,000 to 80,000 rpm) and the
operating temperature is as high as 1100 – 12600C. For this reason special metals
and alloys have to be used for the various parts of the turbine.

3. High frequency noise from the compressor is objectionable.

4. Starting of the plant is not as simple as diesel plants.

5. Compare to other power plant, the overall efficiency of this plant is quite low.

6. In summer, oxygen starvation may occur.

7. Erosion and Corrosion of Turbine Blades

8. System is sensitive
 CLOSED CYCLE

•To overcome the trouble of erosion and corrosion of turbine blades seen in open
cycle,closed cycle is adopted.
• The fuel does not mix with the working medium which can be air or any other
gas .
•The working medium is heated externally and continuously circulated through
compressors, heat exchangers, intercoolers, heaters, reheaters and gas coolers.
ADVANTAGES
•Higher thermal efficiency
•Reduced size
•No contamination
•Improved Heat Transmission
•Improved part load efficiency
•Lesser fluid friction
•No loss of working medium
•Greater output
•Inexpensive fuel

DISADVANTAGES
•Complexity
•Large amount of cooling water is required
•Dependent system
•The weight of the system per kW developed is high
•Requires very large air heater
MERITS AND DEMERITS OF CLOSED LOOP CYCLE TURBINE OVER OPEN
LOOP CYCLE TURBINE

Merits:
1. Higher thermal efficiency
2. Reduced size
3. No contamination
4. Improved heat transmission
5. Lesser Fluid friction
6. No loss in working medium
7. Greater output
8. Inexpensive fuel.

Demerits:
1. Complexity
2. Large amount of cooling water is required.
3. Dependent System
4. Not economical for moving vehicles as weight /kW developed is high.
5. Requires the use of very large air heater
 Gas turbine fuels Important properties:
1. It should have better calorific value
2. Self lubrication property
3. Available at low cost
4. It’s volatility in appreciable value
5. Well Purified

Various types of fuel:

1. Natural gas (for industrial applications)
2. High grade gasoline (for aircraft applications)
3. Kerosene (distillate oils)
4. Blast furnace gas of steel mills
5. Residual oils as residue of crude oil
6. Heavy oils
COMBINED STEAM AND GAS TURBINE POWER PANTS
•Gas Turbine Exhaust Gases Used for Feed Water Heating
•Supercharged boiler
•Exhaust Heat Recovery Steam-gas Plant
•Combined Nuclear Gas Turbine and Fossil Fuel Fired Steam Turbine Cycle
•Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle
•Repowering

COMBINED DIESEL AND GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

•Turbo-charging
•Gas Generator
• Compound Engine