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 u


i also known as ? 
,


, from the Greek ?  meaning fire, or a
  ?,, from the Latin word  
  ?   meaning fever, and
archaically known as

i ½ frequent medical sign that describes an increase in internal body
temperature to levels above normal.
i Most accurately characterized as a temporary elevation in the body's
thermoregulatory set-
set-point, usually by about 1ƛ
1ƛ2 °C (1.8
(1.8--3.6 °F).
i considered one of the body's immune mechanisms to attempt a
neutralization of a perceived threat inside the body, be it bacterial or
viral
i Fever differs from hyperthermia
i hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the body's
thermoregulatory set-
set-point, due to excessive heat production or
insufficient thermoregulation
thermoregulation,,
i D½ feverish individual has a general feeling
of cold despite an increased body
temperature, and increases in heart rate,rate,
muscle tone and shivering
shivering,, all of which are
caused by the body's attempts to counteract
the newly-
newly-perceived hypothermia and reach
the new thermoregulatory set- set-point.
iD
u  discovered that fever is not a
disease, but the body's response to a disease.
i . It helps mobilize the white blood cells of the
blood, to actually destroy the invader, and either
engulfs and ingest it or carry away the debris of
destruction, for removal by the kidney. White
blood cells or WBC's also form a protective screen
by the release of antibodies to counter a
subsequent attack.
 ‰ 

 



i Low grade: 38-

38-39
39C (100.4-
(100.4-102.2
102.2F)

i Moderate : 39-
39-40
40C (102.2-
(102.2-104
104F)

igh--grade:
i igh 40-
40-42
42C (104-
(104-107.6
107.6F)

i yperpyrexia: over 42

42C
 ]
 

m In the first stage of fever also known as the invasion period the
patient will experience chill, loss of appetite, and headache. Chill
occurs, occurs because of the tightening of blood vessels near the
skin.

m In the next stage, the body is hot and flushed, the skin dry, and
the pulse and respiration are rapid. The patient will experience
thirst and he/she will feel restless. In high fever, delirium and
convulsions may occur.

m In the final stage before returning to normal, the temperature

falls, breathing and pulse slow down, and the skin becomes moist.
The patient often sweats.
 u



i Infections
i mechanical trauma
i ½nemia
i heart attack and stroke
i emorrhage
i certain metabolic disorders
i arthritic conditions,
i drug reaction
i Immune dysfunction or cancer.
 
  


i ½cetaminophen
i Ibuprofen
i ½spirin(should not be used for fever in
adults and adolescent)
 
 ? 
i 
m Temperature remains above normal for long period of
time.
i [ 
m Body temperature rises and falls periodically.

as 3 stages:

2
2- patient yawns, has a feeling of

2-
weakness, stretches no appetite, and no
inclination to move
i w   
iGive hot drinks, induced warmth and comfort by
extra covering, and bottles filled with hot water may
be applied to surface.

2-- characterized by high fever

2
N.I.:
iGive cooling drinks and anything that mollifies
febrile action
i
 22 22

22
 22 2
 
 22 

i  w  

i 

i ne that shows significant variations in 24 hours
but without return to normal temperature.
i Usually fluctuates more than 1 1C in 24 hours
i few days previous to the onset; slight headache,
lack of appetite, furred tongue, bitter taste in the
mouth in the morning, pain in the joints, and a
feeling of uneasiness.
i first onset is announced by a rigor or chill,
Sometimes the chill is first felt in the feet; at other
times commences at the shoulder-
shoulder-blades, or in the
back, running from thence through the whole
body.
i w   
m When the disease is fully developed, sponge the
body all over several times a day with cold or
tepid water
m Give cooling drinks, as the effervescing
draught.
m Ice
Ice--water can be drunk at pleasure.
 
::
i  
 Quinine