DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Bangalore- 560078

A Comprehensive study on the emission

characteristics of E-diesel dual-fuel engine

BATCH -5
M. S .POOVANNA -1DS16ME076
PAWAN SHANBHAG- 1DS17ME424
NANDISH - 1DS16ME088
PRAVEEN .L.V - 1DS16ME104
RAJ NIKHIL - 1DS16ME106
NIKHIL - 1DS16ME092
 LITRATURE REVIEW
• The main goal of this literature is to provide us with the experimental knowledge
for the reduction of the emissions given out by different vehicles
• Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) system is a new type of
combustion concept to produce ultra low nitrogen oxide (NOX)and smoke
emissions
• An attempt is made to reduce both the NOx and smoke levels in a direct injection
compression engine by using premixed fuel air mixtures outside the engine cylinder
• Ethanol was injected with various premixed ratios of(5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%)
and conventional diesel was injected as usual and hence from this there was a
significant reduction of nitrogen oxides
• In addition to this observation NOx and reduced in this experimental study with
increased in premixed fractions
• It was also observed that (UBHC) unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (CO)
exhibited reverse trend with increase in premixed fraction and maximum value of
HC and CO emissions level was noted with 30% premixed fractions
 INTRODUCTION
• Internal combustion engine plays a vital role in modern road transport .however
there has been concerns regarding the environmental impact by emissions from
these engines
• Stringent environment norms presented from the government has increased he
active research on the non renewable petroleum and less polluting flues
• In this perspective HCCI is a flexible combustion technology which may prove to be
a stepping stone for zero emission vehicles. These are also known under different
names :-(CIHC) compression ignited homogeneous charge ,(PREDIC)premixed lean
diesel combustion,(PCCI)premixed charge compression ignition
• In (PCCI)premixed charge compression ignition the improved fuel air mixture by
means of early injection timings significantly lowers the in cylinder temperature
during the entire engine cycle thereby improving the combustion phase
controllability
• The PCCI also faces barriers such as mixture preparations and high UBHC and CO
emissions. These can be reduced either by using direct oxidation catalysts or
influence of second fuel injection timing
• Pioneering research by Gary and Ryan in port fuel injected diesel engine exposed
remarkable improvements which showed considerable reduction in NOX with levels
being 100 times lower than those anticipated and there is also a considerable
reduction in smoke levels to nearly zero
• Stefan simeasu investigated the PCCI-DI combustion in a heavy duty truck engine .
In their experiment they used port fuel injector which sprayed well atomised fuel in
the intake manifold while a standard electronic fuel injector was used for fuel
injecting near the top dead centre .It was found that in a port fuel injector there
was an increase in both UBHC and CO
• Bio ethanol has a very limited solubility in diesel fuel and the solubility of bio-
ethanol and diesel mixture depends on the water content of the blends
• Therefore the use of ethanol in diesel mixture has been widley studied for
reduction of NOx and smoke levels which has an effect on health and also there is
an adverse effect on ozone level the present investigation is based on the reduction
of NOx and smoke levels in a duel fuel single cylinder compression ignition engine
converted to operated in premixed charged mode
 Experimental setup and test procedure
• A single cylinder direct injection diesel engine was converted to operate in the
dual-fuel mode with port fuel injection of ethanol and direct injection of
conventional diesel fuel. The specifications of the research engine are listed in
Table 1. Fuel properties are compared in Table 2
• The test engine setup with appropriate fuel mixture is shown in the figure below it
consists of single cylindre direct injection diesel engine, éthanol port fuel injection
system with fuel pump, exhaust gas analyzer
• the port fuel injection of ethanol was preciselymonitored by means of an electronic
control unit and smoke
• The amount of fuel to be injected is calculated based on the equation below

• where rp is the premixed ratio, me is the mass of ethanol, me is the mass of

diesel, he is the lower heating value of ethanol and he is the lower heating value of
diesel fuel. Therefore, the premixed ratio (rp)
• 0 is equivalent to the homogeneous ethanol combustion and rp =0 corresponds to
the conventional diesel conditions
• Any quantity of ethanol was injected at 4.5 degree crank angle before the top dead
centre .the present ratios was carried out by varying premixed ratios from 5%to
30% with an increase if 5% and he maximum premixed ratios of work limited to
30%
• To prevent the wall wetting issues the quantity of ethanol fuel is restricted to 30%
and hence the influence of e-diesel duel-fuel engine on emission was
experimented and investigated in this work
 Uncertainties in emission measurement
• Generally, uncertainty analysis is desirable to prove the accuracy of the
experiments. In this research, the percentage of uncertainty of measured values of
emission parameters such as NOx, smoke intensity, HC, CO and exhaust gas
temperature is listed in Table 3. Also, the uncertainties in the measurements of
NOx, smoke intensity, UBHC and CO emissions are given below:
 Results and Discussion
Oxides of nitrogen emission
• The variation of break specific oxides of nitrogen emission wit respect to load for
various premixed ratios is shown in the graph below .
• The premixed fuel and air mixture in the intake port has bought down the mixture
temperature and this pre cooling effect might be the reason for the in-cylinder
combustion temperature besides increasing in premixing now ensures that air is
being utilised properly
• This might also be the reason for the lower levels of nitrogen for the premixed fuel
air mixture
• It was noted that oxides of nitrogen reduced in the range between 43%-25% to
about 48% at full load for 30% premixed fraction when compared to base diesel
• In the figure the values of oxides emission at full load (100%) are lower for all
premixed diesel when compared to neat diesel .This shows the apparently cooling
effect of ethanol addition on in cylinder gas temperature of premixed charge
compression ignition
 Smoke intensity
• The effect of various premixed ratios on the intensity of e diesel dual-engine is
given in the graph below
• In this work , smoke intensity decreased significantly with the premixed fuel–air
mode up to 20% premixed charge as compared to base diesel. One possible reason
for this reduction might be near homogeneous mixture preparation and the other
possible reason might be the increase in ignition lag due to high latent heat of
ethanol.
• Furthermore, smoke levels at 25% premixed charge were much closer to
conventional diesel. However, it increased for 30% premixed charge. The primary
reason for the trend might be the poor mixing of air with relatively more quantity
of fuel and also a change in the start of combustion as the premixed charge
undergoes combustion earlier.
 Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions
• Variation of unburned hydrocarbons with respect to load for various premixed
ratios is shown in the figure

• The unburnt hydrocarbons increase with increase in premixed fraction due to

reduction in excess of air with increase premixed fractions
• The peak value for unburnt hydrocarbon was noted for 30% premixed ratio.
Moreover the unburnt hydrocarbons were much higher at lower loads due to over
leaning of the mixture .which could not have sustained the combustion as it is
beyond the flammability point. Because of this the under lower loads it might have
undergone lower combustions.
• Highest temperature and higher load might have might have contributed to better
combustion during premixed charge mode
• The similar trend noted with unburned hydrocarbons at low loads was evidently
seen for carbon monoxide emission as shown in figure below
• However, the trend reversed at higher loads due to the presence of oxygen in
ethanol and higher in-cylinder temperature at higher loads. But there was an
increase in carbon monoxide emission with increase in premix fraction.
• This increase can be explained by the high latent heat of ethanol and another
possible reason might be the effect of longer ignition delay due to ethanol addition.
 Exhaust gas temperature
• The variation of exhaust gas temperature with respect to load for various premixed
fractions of ethanol is shown in figure .
• The exhaust gas temperature increased with increase in engine load and it
decreased with increase in ethanol fraction. The reason for the exhaust gas
temperature with load in the increase in the in cylinder temperature with engine
load
• The decrease in the exhaust gas temperature with premixed ratio is the reduction
in peak combustion temperature due to ethanol substitution.
• it was clearly witnessed that there is a substantial reduction in exhaust gas
temperature particularly with 20% premixed fraction of ethanol
 CONCLUSION
• There was a noteworthy reduction in oxides of nitrogen emission with increase in
premixed fraction of ethanol. Nearly 48% of oxides of nitrogen reduced for 30%
premixed fraction compared to base diesel at full load.
• Smoke intensity of premixed fuel–air mode decreased significantly up to 20%
premixed charge as compared to base diesel. Furthermore, smoke levels at 25%
premixed charge were much closer to conventional diesel. However, it increased
for 30% premixed charge.
• The effect of premixing demonstrated negative results with unburned
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions. In this study, with increase in
premixed fraction of ethanol, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
emissions increased, and the peak value of these emissions was noted for 30%
premix fraction.
• In this work, the exhaust gas temperature also decreased significantly up to 20%
premixed charge operation. Additionally, The temperature values were much closer
at 25% premixed charge and increased above 25% premix fraction.
• On the whole, this work proves to fundamental research to envisage zero emission
vehicles. Nevertheless, future efforts should be taken to substantially reduce
unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide levels along with nitrogen oxides
and smoke intensity by incorporating cost effective after treatment methods,
multiple injection strategies and use of fuels with different reactivity in a premixed
charge compression ignition engine.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• ALEXANDRIA ENGINEERING JOURNAL

• WIKIPEDIA