Implementation Techniques: Software Architecture

Implementation
Techniques
Software Architecture
Lecture 16
Copyright © Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy. All rights reserved.
Software Architecture Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Objectives
 Concepts
 Implementation as a mapping problem
 Architecture implementation frameworks
 Evaluating frameworks
 Relationships between middleware, frameworks,
component models
 Building new frameworks
 Concurrency and generative technologies
 Ensuring architecture-to-implementation consistency
 Examples
 Different frameworks for pipe-and-filter
 Different frameworks for the C2 style
 Application
 Implementing Lunar Lander in different frameworks
2
Objectives
 Concepts
component models
 Examples
 Application
3
Recall Pipe-and-Filter
 Components (‘filters’) organized linearly,

communicate through character-stream ‘pipes,’ which
are the connectors
 Filters may run concurrently on partial data
 In general, all input comes in through the left and all
output exits from the right
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Framework #1: stdio
 Standard I/O framework used in C programming language

 Each process is a filter
 Reads input from standard input (aka ‘stdin’)
 Writes output to standard output (aka ‘stdout’)
 Also a third, unbuffered output stream called standard error

(‘stderr’) not considered here
 Low and high level operations
 getchar(…), putchar(…) move one character at a time
 printf(…) and scanf(…) move and format entire strings
 Different implementations may vary in details (buffering

strategy, etc.)
5
Evaluating stdio
 Platform support  Matching assumptions
 Available with most, if  Filters are processes and
not all, implementations pipes are implicit. In-
of C programming process P&F applications
language
might require
 Operates somewhat modifications
differently on OSes with
no concurrency (e.g.,  Efficiency
MS-DOS)  Whether filters make
 Fidelity maximal use of
 Good support for concurrency is partially
developing P&F up to filter
applications, but no implementations and
restriction that apps have partially up to the OS
to use this style 6
Framework #2: java.io
 Standard I/O framework used in Java language

 Object-oriented
 Can be used for in-process or inter-process P&F
applications
 All stream classes derive from InputStream or
OutputStream
 Distinguished objects (System.in and System.out) for
writing to process’ standard streams
 Additional capabilities (formatting, buffering) provided
by creating composite streams (e.g., a Formatting-
Buffered-InputStream)
7
Evaluating java.io  Matching assumptions

 Easy to construct intra-
 Platform support and inter-process P&F
 Available with all Java applications
implementations on many  Concurrency can be an
platforms issue; many calls are
 Platform-specific blocking
differences abstracted
 Efficiency
away
 Fidelity  Users have fine-grained
 Good support for control over, e.g.,
developing P&F buffering
applications, but no  Very high efficiency
restriction that apps have mechanisms (memory
to use this style mapped I/O, channels)
not available (but are in
java.nio)
8
Recall the C2 Style

 Layered style
with event-based
communication
over two-way
broadcast
buses
 Strict rules on
concurrency,
dependencies,
and so on
 Many frameworks developed for
different languages; focus on two
alternative Java frameworks here 9
Framework #1: Lightweight C2

Framework
 16 classes, 3000
lines of code
 Components &
connectors extend
abstract base classes
 Concurrency,
queuing handled at
individual
comp/conn level
 Messages are
request or
notification objects
10
Evaluating Lightweight C2
Framework  Matching assumptions
 Platform support  Comp/conn main

 Available with all Java classes must inherit
implementations on from distinguished
many platforms base classes
 Fidelity  All messages must be
in dictionary form
 Assists developers with
many aspects of C2  Efficiency
but does not enforce  Lightweight
these constraints framework; efficiency
 Leaves threading and may depend on
queuing policies up to threading and queuing
individual elements policy implemented by
individual elements
11
Framework #2: Flexible C2

Framework
 73 classes, 8500
lines of code
 Uses interfaces
rather than base
classes
 Threading policy
for application
is pluggable
 Message queuing policy is
also pluggable
12
Framework #2: Flexible C2

Framework
13
Evaluating Flexible C2 Framework

 Platform support  Matching assumptions
 Available with all Java  Comp/conn main classes
implementations on must implement
many platforms distinguished interfaces
 Fidelity  Messages can be any
 Assists developers with serializable object
many aspects of C2  Efficiency
but does not enforce  User can easily swap out
these constraints and tune threading and
queuing policies without
 Provides several disturbing remainder of
alternative application- application code
wide threading and
queuing policies
14
Objectives
 Concepts
component models
 Examples
 Application
15
Implementing Pipe and Filter

Lunar Lander
 Framework: java.io
 Implementing as a multi-process application
 Each component (filter) will be a separate OS process
 Operating system will provide the pipe connectors
 Going to use just the standard input and output streams
 Ignoring standard error
 Ignoring good error handling practices and corner cases for
simplicity
16

Lunar Lander
 A note on I/O:
 Some messages sent from components are intended for output
to the console (to be read by the user)
 These messages must be passed all the way through the
pipeline and output at the end
 We will preface these with a ‘#’
 Some messages are control messages meant to communicate
state to a component down the pipeline
 These messages are intercepted by a component and
processed
 We will preface these with a ‘%’
17

Lunar Lander
 First: GetBurnRate component

 Loops; on each loop:
 Prompt user for new burn rate

 Read burn rate from the user on standard input
 Send burn rate to next component
 Quit if burn rate read < 0
18
GetBurnRate Filter
//Import the java.io framework
import java.io.*;
public class GetBurnRate{

public static void main(String[] args){
//Send welcome message

System.out.println("#Welcome to Lunar Lander");
try{
//Begin reading from System input
BufferedReader inputReader =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
//Set initial burn rate to 0

int burnRate = 0;
do{
//Prompt user
System.out.println("#Enter burn rate or <0 to quit:");
. . .
19
GetBurnRate Filter
//Import the java.io framework
import java.io.*;
. . .
public class GetBurnRate{
//Read user response
public static void
try{main(String[] args){
String burnRateString = inputReader.readLine();
//Send welcome message
burnRate = Integer.parseInt(burnRateString);
System.out.println("#Welcome to Lunar Lander");
//Send user-supplied burn rate to next filter
try{ System.out.println("%" + burnRate);
//Begin reading
} from System input
BufferedReader inputReader =
catch(NumberFormatException nfe){
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("#Invalid burn rate.");
}
//Set initial burn rate to>=0 0);
}while(burnRate
int burnRate = 0;
inputReader.close();
do{ }
//Prompt user
catch(IOException ioe){
System.out.println("#Enter
ioe.printStackTrace();burn rate or <0 to quit:");
}
. . . }
} 20

Lunar Lander
 Second: CalcNewValues Component

 Read burn rate from standard input
 Calculate new game state including game-over
 Send new game state to next component
 New game state is not sent in a formatted string;

that’s the display component’s job
21
CalcBurnRate Filter
import java.io.*;
public class CalcNewValues{

//Initialize values
final int GRAVITY = 2;
int altitude = 1000;
int fuel = 500;
int velocity = 70;
int time = 0;
try{
BufferedReader inputReader = new
BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
//Print initial values

System.out.println("%a" + altitude);
System.out.println("%f" + fuel);
System.out.println("%v" + velocity);
System.out.println("%t" + time);
. . . 22
CalcBurnRate Filter
import java.io.*;
String inputLine = null;
do{
inputLine = inputReader.readLine();
if((inputLine != null) &&
public static void
(inputLine.length()
main(String[] args){
> 0)){
//Initialize values
final int GRAVITY
if(inputLine.startsWith("#")){
= 2;
//This is a status line of text, and
int fuel = 500; //should be passed down the pipeline
int velocity = 70;
System.out.println(inputLine);
int time = 0; }
else if(inputLine.startsWith("%")){
try{ //This is an input burn rate
BufferedReadertry{
inputReader = new
BufferedReader(new
int burnRate
InputStreamReader(System.in));
= Integer.parseInt(inputLine.substring(1));
if(altitude <= 0){
System.out.println("#The game is over.");
System.out.println("%a"
} + altitude);
System.out.println("%f"
else if(burnRate
+ fuel); > fuel){
System.out.println("%v"
System.out.println("#Sorry,
+ velocity); you don't" +
System.out.println("%t"
"have
+ that
time);much fuel.");
}
23
. . . . . .
CalcBurnRate Filter
else{ inputLine = null;
import java.io.*;
String
//Calculate new application state
do{
time = time
inputLine + 1;
= inputReader.readLine();
altitude = altitude
if((inputLine - velocity;
!= null) &&
velocity
public static void = ((velocity
(inputLine.length() +
main(String[] args){ GRAVITY) * 10 -
> 0)){
burnRate * 2) / 10;
//Initialize values
fuel
final int GRAVITY ==fuel
2; - burnRate;
int altitudeif(altitude
= 1000;
//This is<=a 0){
status line of text, and
altitude = 0;
int fuel = 500; //should be passed down the pipeline
int velocity =if(velocity
70; <= 5){
int time = 0; } System.out.println("#You have landed safely.");
}
try{ else{
//This is an input burn rate
System.out.println("#You
BufferedReadertry{
inputReader = new have crashed.");
}
BufferedReader(new
int burnRate
InputStreamReader(System.in));
} if(altitude <= 0){
}
//Print new
} values
+ altitude);
System.out.println("%f" + fuel);+> altitude);
else if(burnRate fuel){
System.out.println("%v" + fuel);
System.out.println("%t""have
+ that
time);+ velocity);
much fuel.");
} + time);
. . . }
. . .
} 24
. . .
CalcBurnRate Filter
else{ inputLine = null;
import java.io.*;
String
//Calculate new application state
do{
time = time
inputLine + 1;
altitude = altitude
if((inputLine != null)- velocity;
&&
velocity
public static void = ((velocity
(inputLine.length()
main(String[] args){ + GRAVITY) * 10 -
> 0)){
burnRate * 2) / 10;
//Initialize values
fuel
final int GRAVITY ==fuel
2; - burnRate;
int altitudeif(altitude
= 1000;
//This is <=a}0){
status line of text, and
altitude = 0;
int fuel = 500; //should }be passed down the pipeline
int velocity =if(velocity
70; <= 5){
}while((inputLine != null) && (altitude > 0));
int time = 0; } System.out.println("#You
inputReader.close(); have landed safely.");
}
else }
if(inputLine.startsWith("%")){
try{ else{ catch(IOException
//This is an input burnioe){
rate
System.out.println("#You
BufferedReadertry{ ioe.printStackTrace();
inputReader = new have crashed.");
} int} burnRate
} }
if(altitude <= 0){
} }
//Print new
} values+ altitude);
System.out.println("%f" + fuel);+> altitude);
else if(burnRate fuel){
System.out.println("%v" + fuel);
System.out.println("%t""have + that
time); + velocity);
much fuel.");
} + time);
. . . }
. . .
} 25
. . .

Lunar Lander
 Third: DisplayValues component

 Read value updates from standard input
 Format them for human reading and send them to

standard output
26
DisplayValues Filter
import java.io.*;
public class DisplayValues{

try{
BufferedReader inputReader = new
String inputLine = null;

do{
if((inputLine != null) &&
(inputLine.length() > 0)){
//This is a status line of text, and
//should be passed down the pipeline with
//the pound-sign stripped off
System.out.println(inputLine.substring(1));
}
. . . 27
import java.io.*;//This is a value to display
if(inputLine.length() > 1){
try{
char valueType = inputLine.charAt(1);
public static void int
value = Integer.parseInt(inputLine.substring(2));
try{
BufferedReader switch(valueType){
inputReader = new
BufferedReader(new
case InputStreamReader(System.in));
'a':
System.out.println("Altitude: " + value);
String inputLine = break;
null;
do{ case 'f':
System.out.println("Fuel remaining: " + value);
if((inputLine != break;
null) &&
(inputLine.length()
case 'v':> 0)){
System.out.println("Current Velocity: “ + value);
break;
//This is acase
status
't':line of text, and
System.out.println("Time elapsed: " + value);
//the pound-sign stripped
break; off
}
} }
. . . }
. . .
28
import java.io.*;//This is a value to display
if(inputLine.length() > 1){
try{
char valueType = inputLine.charAt(1);
public static void int
value = Integer.parseInt(inputLine.substring(2));
try{
BufferedReader switch(valueType){
inputReader = new
}
case 'a': }
System.out.println("Altitude:
} " + value);
String inputLine = break;
null;
}while(inputLine != null);
do{ case 'f':
System.out.println("Fuel remaining: " + value);
}
if((inputLine != break;
null) &&
catch(IOException ioe){
(inputLine.length()
case 'v':> 0)){
ioe.printStackTrace();
System.out.println("Current
} Velocity: “ + value);
}break;
//This is acase
status
't':line of text, and
}
System.out.println("Time elapsed: " + value);
//the pound-sign
break;stripped off
}
} }
. . . }
. . .
29

Lunar Lander
 Instantiating the application

 java GetBurnRate | java CalcNewValues | java DisplayValues
30

Lunar Lander
31

Lunar Lander
32

Lunar Lander
33

Lunar Lander
34
Takeaways
 java.io provides a number of useful facilities
 Stream objects (System.in, System.out)
 Buffering wrappers
 OS provides some of the facilities
 Pipes
 Concurrency support
 Note that this version of the application would not work if it
operated in batch-sequential mode
 We had other communication mechanisms available, but did not use
them to conform to the P&F style
 We had to develop a new (albeit simple) protocol to get the correct
behavior
35
Implementing Lunar Lander in C2
 Framework: Lightweight
C2 framework
 Each component has its
own thread of control
 Components receive
requests or notifications
and respond with new
ones
 Message routing follows
C2 rules
 This is a real-time, clock-driven version of Lunar Lander
36

(cont’d)
 First: Clock component
 Sends out a ‘tick’ notification
periodically
 Does not respond to any
messages
37
import c2.framework.*;
Clock Component
public class Clock extends ComponentThread{
public Clock(){
super.create("clock", FIFOPort.class);
}
public void start(){

super.start();
Thread clockThread = new Thread(){

public void run(){
//Repeat while the application runs
while(true){
//Wait for five seconds
try{
Thread.sleep(5000);
}
catch(InterruptedException ie){}
//Send out a tick notification

Notification n = new Notification("clockTick");
send(n);
}
}
}; 38
Clock Component
public class Clock extends ComponentThread{
public Clock(){
super.create("clock", FIFOPort.class);
}

clockThread.start();
super.start();
}
Thread clockThread = new Thread(){
publicprotected void handle(Notification n){
void run(){
//This
//Repeat component
while does not runs
the application handle notifications
}
while(true){
//Wait for five seconds
protected void handle(Request r){
try{
//This component does not handle requests
Thread.sleep(5000);
}}
}catch(InterruptedException ie){}
//Send out a tick notification

Notification n = new Notification("clockTick");
send(n);
}
}
}; 39
 Second: GameState
Component
 Receives request to update
internal state
 Emits notifications of new
game state on request
or when state changes
 Does NOT compute new
state
 Just a data store
40
GameState Component
public class GameState extends ComponentThread{
public GameState(){
super.create("gameState", FIFOPort.class);
}
//Internal game state and initial values

int fuel = 500;
int velocity = 70;
int time = 0;
int burnRate = 0;
boolean landedSafely = false;
41
GameState Component
protected void handle(Request r){
if(r.name().equals("updateGameState")){
//Update the internal game state
if(r.hasParameter("altitude")){
this.altitude = ((Integer)r.getParameter("altitude")).intValue();
}
if(r.hasParameter("fuel")){
this.fuel = ((Integer)r.getParameter("fuel")).intValue();
public GameState(){
}
} if(r.hasParameter("velocity")){
this.velocity = ((Integer)r.getParameter("velocity")).intValue();
}
if(r.hasParameter("time")){
int fuel this.time
= 500; = ((Integer)r.getParameter("time")).intValue();
}
int velocity = 70;
if(r.hasParameter("burnRate")){
int time = 0;
this.burnRate
int burnRate = 0; = ((Integer)r.getParameter("burnRate")).intValue();
boolean} landedSafely = false;
if(r.hasParameter("landedSafely")){
this.landedSafely = ((Boolean)r.getParameter("landedSafely"))
.booleanValue();
}
//Send out the updated game state
Notification n = createStateNotification();
send(n); 42
}
GameState Component
protected else
void if(r.name().equals("getGameState")){
//If
handle(Request r){
a component requests the game state
if(r.name().equals("updateGameState")){
//Update//without updating
the internal gameit, send out the state
state
if(r.hasParameter("altitude")){
Notification
this.altitude n = createStateNotification();
= ((Integer)r.getParameter("altitude")).intValue();
} send(n);
}
if(r.hasParameter("fuel")){
}
this.fuel = ((Integer)r.getParameter("fuel")).intValue();
public GameState(){
}
protected Notification createStateNotification(){
if(r.hasParameter("velocity")){
}
//Create a new
this.velocity notification comprising the
= ((Integer)r.getParameter("velocity")).intValue();
} //current game state
if(r.hasParameter("time")){
Notification
this.time n = new Notification("gameState");
= ((Integer)r.getParameter("time")).intValue();
int fuel = 500;
} n.addParameter("altitude", altitude);
int velocity = 70;
n.addParameter("fuel",
if(r.hasParameter("burnRate")){fuel);
int time = 0;
n.addParameter("velocity",
this.burnRate velocity);
= ((Integer)r.getParameter("burnRate")).intValue();
int burnRate = 0;
n.addParameter("time", time);
boolean} landedSafely = false;
n.addParameter("burnRate", burnRate);
if(r.hasParameter("landedSafely")){
n.addParameter("landedSafely",
this.landedSafely landedSafely);
= ((Boolean)r.getParameter("landedSafely"))
return n;
.booleanValue();
} }
protected
//Send void
out the handle(Notification
updated game state n){
//This component
Notification does not handle notifications
n = createStateNotification();
}
send(n); 43
} }

 Third: GameLogic
Component
 Receives notifications of
game state changes
 Receives clock ticks
 On clock tick notification,
calculates new state
and sends request up
44
GameLogic Component
public class GameLogic extends ComponentThread{

public GameLogic(){
super.create("gameLogic", FIFOPort.class);
}
//Game constants
//Internal state values for computation

int altitude = 0;
int fuel = 0;
int velocity = 0;
int time = 0;
int burnRate = 0;

super.start();
Request r = new Request("getGameState");
send(r);
}
45
GameLogic Component
protected void handle(Notification n){
if(n.name().equals("gameState")){
if(n.hasParameter("altitude")){
this.altitude =
public class GameLogic extends ComponentThread{
((Integer)n.getParameter("altitude")).intValue();
public GameLogic(){
}
super.create("gameLogic", FIFOPort.class);
if(n.hasParameter("fuel")){
} this.fuel =
((Integer)n.getParameter("fuel")).intValue();
//Game constants
}
if(n.hasParameter("velocity")){
this.velocity =
//Internal state values for computation
((Integer)n.getParameter("velocity")).intValue();
int altitude
} = 0;
int fuel = if(n.hasParameter("time")){
0;
int velocity this.time
= 0; =
int time = 0; ((Integer)n.getParameter("time")).intValue();
int burnRate
} = 0;
if(n.hasParameter("burnRate")){
this.burnRate =
super.start();((Integer)n.getParameter("burnRate")).intValue();
Request r} = new Request("getGameState");
send(r);
}
}
46
GameLogic Component
else
import if(n.name().equals("clockTick")){
c2.framework.*;
//Calculate new lander= state values
this.altitude
public int
classactualBurnRate
GameLogic = burnRate;
extends ComponentThread{
if(actualBurnRate
}
public GameLogic(){ > fuel){
//Ensure we don’t burnFIFOPort.class);
more fuel than we have
super.create("gameLogic",
} actualBurnRate
this.fuel == fuel;
} ((Integer)n.getParameter("fuel")).intValue();
}
//Game constants
finaltime
int =GRAVITY
time + =1;2;
altitudethis.velocity
= altitude - =velocity;
velocity
//Internal =((Integer)n.getParameter("velocity")).intValue();
state ((velocity
values for+ computation
GRAVITY) * 10 –
actualBurnRate
int altitude } = 0; * 2) / 10;
fuel ==if(n.hasParameter("time")){
int fuel fuel - actualBurnRate;
0;
int velocity this.time
= 0; =
//Determine
int time if we landed (safely)
= 0; ((Integer)n.getParameter("time")).intValue();
boolean
int burnRate } landedSafely
= 0; = false;
if(altitude <= 0){
public altitude = 0;
this.burnRate
void start(){ =
if(velocity
super.start(); <= 5){
((Integer)n.getParameter("burnRate")).intValue();
RequestlandedSafely = true;
r} = new Request("getGameState");
} }
send(r);
} }
47
GameLogic Component
else if(n.name().equals("clockTick")){
import //Calculate
c2.framework.*; new lander= state values
this.altitude
int actualBurnRate = burnRate;
public if(actualBurnRate
class }GameLogic extends> fuel){ComponentThread{
public //Ensure
GameLogic(){
Request werdon’t
= newburn
Request("updateGameState");
more fuel than we have
super.create("gameLogic",
r.addParameter("time",
actualBurnRate
this.fuel == fuel; FIFOPort.class);
time);
} } r.addParameter("altitude", altitude);
((Integer)n.getParameter("fuel")).intValue();
r.addParameter("velocity",
} velocity);
//Game constants
time = r.addParameter("fuel",
time + 1; fuel);
finalaltitude
int r.addParameter("landedSafely",
GRAVITY = 2;
= altitude
this.velocity - =velocity; landedSafely);
send(r);
velocity =((Integer)n.getParameter("velocity")).intValue();
((velocity + GRAVITY) * 10 –
//Internal
} } state
actualBurnRate values for/ computation
* 2) 10;
int altitude
}
fuel = 0;
=if(n.hasParameter("time")){
fuel - actualBurnRate;
int fuel = 0;this.time =
int velocity
protected
//Determine = ((Integer)n.getParameter("time")).intValue();
0;
void
if wehandle(Request
landed (safely)r){
int time = }0;landedSafely
//This
boolean component does not handle requests
= false;
int burnRate
}
if(altitude = 0;<= 0){
} altitude = 0;
this.burnRate =
public if(velocity
void start(){ <= 5){
((Integer)n.getParameter("burnRate")).intValue();
super.start();
landedSafely
} = true;
Request
} } r = new Request("getGameState");
send(r);
}
} 48
 Fourth: GUI Component

 Reads burn rates from
user and sends them
up as requests
 Receives notifications of
game state changes and
formats them to console
49
GUI Component
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
public class GUI extends ComponentThread{

public GUI(){
super.create("gui", FIFOPort.class);
}

super.start();
Thread t = new Thread(){
public void run(){
processInput();
}
};
t.start();
}
50
public void processInput(){
GUI Component
System.out.println("Welcome to Lunar Lander");
try{
BufferedReader inputReader = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in));
int burnRate = 0;
do{
System.out.println("Enter burn rate or <0 to quit:");
try{
public class GUI String
extendsburnRateString = inputReader.readLine();
ComponentThread{
public GUI(){ burnRate = Integer.parseInt(burnRateString);
super.create("gui", FIFOPort.class);
} Request r = new Request("updateGameState");
r.addParameter("burnRate", burnRate);
send(r);
}
super.start();
Thread t = catch(NumberFormatException
new Thread(){ nfe){
public voidSystem.out.println("Invalid
run(){ burn rate.");
}
processInput();
} }while(burnRate >= 0);
}; inputReader.close();
}
t.start();
} catch(IOException ioe){
}
} 51
GUI Component
try{
System.out.println();
importSystem.out.println("New game state:");
java.io.InputStreamReader;
int burnRate = 0;
do{
System.out.println(" Altitude: " + n.getParameter("altitude"));
try{
}
public class GUI String
extendsburnRateString
ComponentThread{
public GUI(){ burnRate = Integer.parseInt(burnRateString);
System.out.println("
super.create("gui", Fuel: " + n.getParameter("fuel"));
FIFOPort.class);
} }
Request r = new Request("updateGameState");
public void start(){ Velocity: " + n.getParameter("velocity"));
send(r);
}
super.start();
}
if(n.hasParameter("time")){
new Thread(){ nfe){
System.out.println(" Time: " + n.getParameter("time"));
run(){ burn rate.");
} processInput();
}
} }while(burnRate >= 0);
}; System.out.println("
Burn rate: " + n.getParameter("burnRate"));
}
t.start();
}
} catch(IOException ioe){
}
} 52
GUI Component
try{
protectedif(n.hasParameter("altitude")){
void handle(Notification n){
int altitude =
System.out.println();
System.out.println("New
if(altitude game state:");
int burnRate<= = 0){
0;
boolean landedSafely =
do{
((Boolean)n.getParameter("landedSafely"))
System.out.println(" Altitude: " + n.getParameter("altitude"));
.booleanValue();
try{
} if(landedSafely){
public class GUI extendsburnRateString
ComponentThread{
String = inputReader.readLine();
public GUI(){ System.out.println("You have landed safely.");
burnRate = Integer.parseInt(burnRateString);
}
super.create("gui", Fuel: " +
FIFOPort.class); n.getParameter("fuel"));
} } else{
Request r = new Request("updateGameState");
System.out.println("You have crashed.");
} send(r);
public void start(){ Velocity: " + n.getParameter("velocity"));
} System.exit(0);
super.start();
}
if(n.hasParameter("time")){
}
new Thread(){ nfe){
} Time: " +
run(){ n.getParameter("time"));
burn rate.");
} processInput();
} }
}} }while(burnRate >= 0);
}; System.out.println("
Burn rate: " + n.getParameter("burnRate"));
}protected void handle(Request r){
t.start();
}
} //This component does
catch(IOException not handle requests
ioe){
} ioe.printStackTrace();
} }
} 53
 Lastly, main program

 Instantiates and connects
all elements of the system
54
Main Program
public class LunarLander{

//Create the Lunar Lander architecture
Architecture lunarLander = new
SimpleArchitecture("LunarLander");
//Create the components

Component clock = new Clock();
Component gameState = new GameState();
Component gameLogic = new GameLogic();
Component gui = new GUI();
//Create the connectors

Connector bus = new ConnectorThread("bus");
//Add the components and connectors to the architecture

lunarLander.addComponent(clock);
lunarLander.addComponent(gameState);
lunarLander.addComponent(gameLogic);
lunarLander.addComponent(gui);
lunarLander.addConnector(bus);
55
Main Program
public class LunarLander{

//Create the Lunar Lander architecture
Architecture lunarLander = new
SimpleArchitecture("LunarLander");
//Create the welds (links) between components and
//connectors
//Create the components
lunarLander.weld(clock, bus);
Component clock = new Clock();
lunarLander.weld(gameState, bus);
Component gameState = new GameState();
lunarLander.weld(bus, gameLogic);
Component gameLogic = new GameLogic();
lunarLander.weld(bus, gui);
Component gui = new GUI();
//Start the application
//Create the connectors
lunarLander.start();
Connector
} bus = new ConnectorThread("bus");
}
//Add the components and connectors to the architecture
lunarLander.addComponent(clock);
lunarLander.addComponent(gameState);
lunarLander.addComponent(gameLogic);
lunarLander.addComponent(gui);
lunarLander.addConnector(bus);
56
Takeaways
 Here, the C2 framework provides most all of the scaffolding we

need
 Message routing and buffering
 How to format a message
 Threading for components
 Startup and instantiation
 We provide the component behavior

 Including a couple new threads of our own
 We still must work to obey the style guidelines

 Not everything is optimal: state is duplicated in Game Logic, for
example
57

Implementation Techniques: Software Architecture

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Implementation

 Components (‘filters’) organized linearly,

Framework #1: stdio

 Standard I/O framework used in C programming language

 Writes output to standard output (aka ‘stdout’)

 Also a third, unbuffered output stream called standard error

 Different implementations may vary in details (buffering

Framework #2: java.io

 Standard I/O framework used in Java language

Evaluating java.io  Matching assumptions

Recall the C2 Style

Framework #1: Lightweight C2

 Platform support  Comp/conn main

Framework #2: Flexible C2

Framework #2: Flexible C2

Evaluating Flexible C2 Framework

Implementing Pipe and Filter

Implementing Pipe and Filter

Implementing Pipe and Filter

 First: GetBurnRate component

 Prompt user for new burn rate

public class GetBurnRate{

//Send welcome message

//Set initial burn rate to 0

Implementing Pipe and Filter

 Second: CalcNewValues Component

 Calculate new game state including game-over

 Send new game state to next component

 New game state is not sent in a formatted string;

public class CalcNewValues{

public static void main(String[] args){

//Print initial values

Implementing Pipe and Filter

 Third: DisplayValues component

 Format them for human reading and send them to

public class DisplayValues{

public static void main(String[] args){

String inputLine = null;

Implementing Pipe and Filter

 Instantiating the application

Implementing Pipe and Filter

Implementing Pipe and Filter

Implementing Pipe and Filter

Implementing Pipe and Filter

Implementing Lunar Lander in C2

Implementing Lunar Lander in C2

public void start(){

Thread clockThread = new Thread(){

//Send out a tick notification

public void start(){

//Send out a tick notification

Implementing Lunar Lander in C2

public class GameState extends ComponentThread{

//Internal game state and initial values

Implementing Lunar Lander in C2

public class GameLogic extends ComponentThread{

//Internal state values for computation

public void start(){

Implementing Lunar Lander in C2

 Fourth: GUI Component

public class GUI extends ComponentThread{

public void start(){

public void processInput(){