16 kJ/mol (to

separate
molecules)
 The forces with which molecules attract
each other

 Intermolecular forces are weaker than ionic

or covalent bonds.

 Intermolecular forces are responsible for

the physical state of a compound (solid,
431 kJ/mol (to break
liquid or gas).
bond)
 Johannes D val der Waals, was the first to
postulate the intermolecular forces.

 It includes:
• Dipole- Dipole forces
• London dispersion forces
• Hydrogen bonds
 Molecular that have permanent
dipoles are attacted to each
other.

 These exist in any polar

substance.

 Increased polarity, stronger

dipole- dipole attaction
 The more polar the molecule, the higher is its boiling point.
 Arise from the attactions between
instantaneous dipoles and induced
dipoles.

 Exist between all molecules.

 The tendency of an electron cloud to

distort in this way is called
polarizability.
 FACTORS AFFECTING LONDON FORCES

 The strength of dispersion forces tends to increase with increased

molecular weight
 Larger atoms have larger electron clouds, which are easier to polarize
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES IN HYDROCARBONS
n- pentane (bp- 309.1K) 2, 2 Dimethylpropane (bp-282.5K)
 Ion-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule

•The larger the charge the stronger the force

11.2
Hydration : Dissolving process of an ionic compound

Olmsted Williams

A molecular picture showing the ion-dipole

Interaction that helps a solid ionic crystal dissolve
in water. The arrows indicate ion-dipole interactions.
NaCl (s) Na  (aq) + Cl  (aq)
 THE HYDROGEN BOND
§ Hydrogen Bond: An +H-F- --- +H-F-
attractive force between
a hydrogen atom bonded
to a very electronegative
atom (O, N, or F) and an
unshared electron pair on
another electronegative
atom.

Hydrogen bonding
15
 H-Bonding examples

Water in the liquid and solid states exists as groups in which the
water molecules are linked together by hydrogen bonds.
Hydrogen Bonds in DNA
THE TWO NUCLEIC ACID
CHAINS ARE HELD TOGETHER
BY HYDROGEN BONDS, THAT
ARE FORMED BETWEEN
SPECIFIC PAIRS OF BASES ON
THE CHAINS
HYDROGEN BONDS OF BASE
PAIRS IN DNA:
• ADENINE – THYMINE
• CYTOSINE – GUANINE
SUMMARY