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batuan DI ALAM
Asal pembentukan batuan
Igneous Rock
Solidification
Magma
Partial Melting
Pyroclasts
Extrusive
Intrusive
Porphyry:
partially
Fig. 5.3 crystalline
Igneous Rock Textures
Quartz Biotite
Na Plagioclase
Crystallized (Solidified)
Silicic Magma
Poor in: Fe, Mg, Ca, (<20%)
Rich in: Silica (>70%)
Intrusive vs.
Extrusive (Silicic Rocks)
Silicic (a.k.a, felsic) Magmas
Cool (<700oC)
Viscous (sticky, doesn’t flow easily)
Gaseous (steam of H2O and C02)
Silicic Rocks See Kehew,
Fig 3-40
Usually intrusive, course-grained,
Ahah (Rubbley)
Mostly solid when flowing
Pahoehoe (Ropey)
mostly liquid when
flowing)
Extrusion rock
Intrusion
rock
Igneous Rock Classification
Silicic Intermediate Mafic
Intrusive
(Porphyritic)
Composition and Classification of Igneous
Rocks
Chemistry: e.g. % SiO2
Mineralogy: e.g.
Felsic high silica
(continental crust)
Intermediate intermediate silica
Mafic low silica
(oceanic crust)
Ultramafic very low silica
(mantle)
Komponen utama batuan beku :
mineral silikat
a.Silikat gelap (kaya Fe dan Mg) disebut
ferromagnesian (mafik)
contoh : olivine, pyroxene, amphibole and
biotite
b.Silikat terang(felsik)
contoh : quartz, muscovite and K-feldspar.
Felsic Igneous Rocks:
Igneous rocks rich in minerals high in silica
and low in iron and magnesium. They
include:
Granite Rhyolite
Mafic Igneous Rocks:
Igneous rocks rich in minerals low in silica
and high in iron and magnesium. They
include:
Gabbro Basalt
Common Minerals
Intermediate Igneous Rocks:
Igneous rocks intermediate in composition
between felsic and mafic igneous rocks. They
include:
Granodiorite (Dacite) Diorite (Andesite)
Ultramafic Igneous Rocks:
Igneous rocks with very low silica content,
consisting dominantly of mafic minerals. The
most common ultramafic rock is:
Peridotite (no extrusive equivalent)
Fig. 5.4
DERET BOWEN
Gabbro Basalt
1000o
Double
Diorite Andesite
Chain Sheet
Granite Rhyolite
750o
Frame-
work
~1,300o ~1,250o
Gabbro Basalt
Remaining silica crystallizes into Ca-Feldspar. Intrusive Extrusive
Cooling: Slowly Quickly
Crystallization of Diorite and Andesite
~1,400oC ~1,300o ~1,200o
If cooled
slowly in the
Intermediate magma
Melt
chamber then
extruded,
Ca Feldspar Olivine converts Ca Feldspar Andesite
Forms to Pyroxene absorbs Na Porphyry will
be formed
~1,100o ~1,000o
Diorite Andesite
Pyroxene converts Remaining silica Intrusive Extrusive
to Amphibole forms Na-Ca Fldspr. Slowly Cooled Quickly Cooled
Crystallization of Granite and Rhyolite
~1,200oC ~1,100o ~1,000o
Silicic
Melt
~900o ~750o
Granite Rhyolite
Amph. dissolves Remaining silica Intrusive Extrusive
to form Biotite forms Quartz Slowly Cooled Quickly Cooled
Approximate
Melting Minerals
Temperature (°C)
800 Amphibole,
Ca/Na- plagioclase
olivin (Mg,Fe)2SiO4
Pyroxene group (Mg,Fe)SiO3
amphibole
Ca2(Fe,Mg)5Si8O22(OH)2
group (hornblende)
micas biotite K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
muscovite KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
orthoclase KAlSi3O8
feldspar
plagioclase (Ca,Na)AlSi3O8
quartz SiO2
OLIVINE, (Fe,Mg)2SiO4
Hedenbergite Diopside
(CaFeSi2O6) (MgCaSi2O6 )
CONTOH AMPHIBOLE
• Hornblende: Ca2(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH)2
BIOTITE (BLACK MICA)
STRUKTUR PADA DERET TAK KONTINYU
MINERAL STRUKTUR
olivin Nesosilikat
Anorthite CaAlSi3O8
Bytownite
Labradorite (Ca,Na)AlSi3O8
andesine
oligoclase
Albite NaAlSi3Si8
CONTOH FOTO PLAGIOCLASE
Labradorite albite
anorthite bytownite
Muscovite
KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2
Struktur : pillosilikat
QUARTZ (SiO2)
Struktur: tektosilikat
BATUAN SEDIMEN
ENDAPAN
DEFINISI BATUAN SEDIMEN
http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks9.html
Non-clastic rocks form by chemical precipitation
Limestone
chert from halite is
is made
quartz rock salt
from calcite
http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks10.html
Biologic sedimentary rocks come
from the remains of organic matter.
The most important of
these is coal.
Anthracite coal results from
the greatest pressure and
releases the most energy
when burned.
Other varieties are
bituminous and lignite.
“Petrified” (permineralized)
wood is another organic
rock.
http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks11.html
WENTWORTH SCALE, PENAMAAN BAT BEKU
BERDASARKAN UKURAN BUTIR
BREKSI
• lebih besar dari 2 mm dengan bentuk butitan yang bersudut
KONGLOMERAT
• lebih besar dari 2 mm dengan bentuk butiran yang membudar
BATU PASIR
• antara 2 mm sampai 1/16 mm
BATU LANAU
• antara 1/16 mm sampai 1/256 mm
BATU LEMPUNG
• lebih kecil dari 1/256 mm
TEKSTUR, kenampakAn yang berhubungan erat dengan :
UKURAN
komponeN
mineral- BENTUK
mineral TEKSTUR BUTIRAN
penyusunnya
paling bagus
diamati di
energi sesaat setelah
lapangan misal
pembentuknya pengendapan.
pada perlap[isan
batuan.