PROSES PEMBENTUKAN

batuan DI ALAM
 Asal pembentukan batuan

1. Dari magma/lava (batuan beku)

2. Dari larutan (batuan sedimen)
3. Dari gas (batuan sedimen)
4. Dari padatan (batuan
metamorfosis)
· CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
 PEMBENTUKAN MINERAL
DALAM BATUAN BEKU

batuan terbentuk dari hasil pendinginan dan

pemadatan lelehan batuan dari letusan gunung berapi

Lelehan batuan di bawah permukaan bumi

(magma) membentuk mineral batuan intrusi(plutonik)

Lelehan batuan yang mencapai permukaan bumi

(lava) membentuk mineral batuan ekstrusi (vulkanik)
 The  Geological Materials
Rock Cycle Transformation Processes

 Igneous Rock

Solidification

 Magma

Partial Melting

 Mantle Rock Fig 3.1

See Kehew, Fig. 1-6
 Formation of Igneous Rocks

Pyroclasts

Extrusive

Intrusive

Porphyry:
partially
Fig. 5.3 crystalline
 Igneous Rock Textures

Coarse-grained Fine-grained Porphyritic

Glassy Vesicular Pyroclastic

 Formation of Magma

 How are rocks melted?

 1. Heating ■ 2. Depressurization

 3. Increase water content

 4. Increased silica content

 Where do rocks melt?

 Subduction zones (Silicic

and Intermediate)
 Mantle Plumes (“Hot Spots”)
not only at
Divergent
Boundaries Hot and
Low Pressure
Mafic
Hot and
See Kehew,
See Kehew Fig. 3-8 High Pressure Fig 3-6
 Intrusive Igneous Rock
E.g., Granite (Silicic, Phaneritic):

Quartz Biotite

Na Plagioclase
Crystallized (Solidified)
Silicic Magma
Poor in: Fe, Mg, Ca, (<20%)
Rich in: Silica (>70%)
 Intrusive vs.
Extrusive (Silicic Rocks)
 Silicic (a.k.a, felsic) Magmas
 Cool (<700oC)
 Viscous (sticky, doesn’t flow easily)
 Gaseous (steam of H2O and C02)
 Silicic Rocks See Kehew,
Fig 3-40
 Usually intrusive, course-grained,
Silicic (Granite) to Intermediate
(Diorite) rock forms plutons
 If extrusive, fine-grained rocks
formed by explosive volcanoes
Rhyolite or Andesite Volcanoes
 Also injects surrounding rocks
with silica laden steam
 Extrusive vs.
Intrusive
(Mafic Rocks)
 Mafic Magmas
 Hot (>1000oC)

 Non-Viscous (runny, flows easily)

 “Dry” (no H2O or C02)

 Mafic Rocks
 Usually Extrusive, Fine-grained,

Mafic (Basalt) rock forms oceanic

crust, Shield Volcanoes and
Basalt Floods
 If Intrusive, course-grained mafic
rocks are formed Gabbro.
See Kehew,
 If intrusive, Dikes and Sills more
Fig 3-40
common
 Rock Intrusive: Extrusive:
Course-grained, Fine-grained, discrete
Texture crystals, often glassy
interlocking
Fig. 5.1
 Surface Textures (Extrusive,
Mafic Rocks) See Kehew,
Fig 3-9, 3-10

 Ahah (Rubbley)
 Mostly solid when flowing

 Pahoehoe (Ropey)
 mostly liquid when
flowing)
 Extrusion rock

Intrusion
rock
 Igneous Rock Classification
Silicic Intermediate Mafic
Intrusive

Granite Diorite Gabbro

Rhyolite Andesite Basalt
Extrusive

(Porphyritic)
 Composition and Classification of Igneous
Rocks

 Chemistry: e.g. % SiO2

 Mineralogy: e.g.
 Felsic- high silica
(continental crust)
 Intermediate - intermediate silica

 Mafic - low silica

(oceanic crust)
 Ultramafic - very low silica (mantle)
Komponen utama batuan beku :
mineral silikat
a.Silikat gelap (kaya Fe dan Mg) disebut
ferromagnesian (mafik)
contoh : olivine, pyroxene, amphibole and
biotite
b.Silikat terang(felsik)
contoh : quartz, muscovite and K-feldspar.
 Felsic Igneous Rocks:

Igneous rocks rich in minerals high in silica

and low in iron and magnesium. They
include:
Granite Rhyolite
 Mafic Igneous Rocks:

Igneous rocks rich in minerals low in silica

and high in iron and magnesium. They
include:
Gabbro Basalt
Common Minerals
 Intermediate Igneous Rocks:

Igneous rocks intermediate in composition

between felsic and mafic igneous rocks. They
include:
Granodiorite (Dacite) Diorite (Andesite)
 Ultramafic Igneous Rocks:

Igneous rocks with very low silica content,

consisting dominantly of mafic minerals. The
most common ultramafic rock is:
Peridotite (no extrusive equivalent)
Fig. 5.4
 DERET BOWEN

Model proses urutan pembentukan mineral

batuan beku :
1. Urutan pembentukan mineral dari lelehan
batuan makin ke bawah makin lama
terbentuk
2. Urutan kestabilan makin ke bawah makin
stabil
 Bowen’s Reaction Series
Two series of minerals formed during crystallization of magma
Temperature of
Isolated

Crystallization Low Silica Magma

Intrus. Extrus.
1200oC
Single
Chain

Gabbro Basalt
1000o
Double
Chain

Diorite Andesite
Sheet

Granite Rhyolite
750o
Frame-
work

High Silica Magma

 Crystallization of Gabbro and Basalt
~1,450oC ~1,400o ~1,350o The remaining
melt is enriched
in silica (Int-Felsic)
Mafic
Melt
If melt is extracted
Ultramafic Rock
Ca-Feldspar Olivine Olivine converts will be formed
Forms Forms to Pyroxene

~1,300o ~1,250o

Gabbro Basalt
Remaining silica crystallizes into Ca-Feldspar. Intrusive Extrusive
Cooling: Slowly Quickly
 Crystallization of Diorite and Andesite
~1,400oC ~1,300o ~1,200o
If cooled
slowly in the
Intermediate
Melt magma
chamber then
extruded,
Ca Feldspar Olivine converts Ca Feldspar Andesite
Forms to Pyroxene absorbs Na Porphyry will
be formed
~1,100o ~1,000o

Diorite Andesite
Pyroxene converts Remaining silica Intrusive Extrusive
to Amphibole forms Na-Ca Fldspr. Slowly Cooled Quickly Cooled
 Crystallization of Granite and Rhyolite
~1,200oC ~1,100o ~1,000o
Silicic
Melt

Na-Feldspar Pyroxene Pyroxene dissolves

forms and grows forms to form Amphibole

~900o ~750o

Granite Rhyolite
Amph. dissolves Remaining silica Intrusive Extrusive
to form Biotite forms Quartz Slowly Cooled Quickly Cooled
 Approximate
Melting Minerals
Temperature (°C)

1200 All molten

1000 Olivine, pyroxene,

Ca-rich plagioclase

800 Amphibole,
Ca/Na- plagioclase

600 Quartz, K-feldspar, biotite,

Na-plagioclase, muscovite
 Mineral Rumus kimia

olivin (Mg,Fe)2SiO4
Pyroxene group
(Mg,Fe)SiO3
amphibole
Ca2(Fe,Mg)5Si8O22(OH)2
group (hornblende)
micas biotite K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
muscovite KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
orthoclase KAlSi3O8
feldspar
plagioclase (Ca,Na)AlSi3O8
quartz SiO2
 OLIVINE, (Fe,Mg)2SiO4

Fayalite (FeSiO4) Forsterite (Mg2SiO4)

CONTOH PYROXENE (Mg,Fe)SiO3

Hedenbergite Diopside
(CaFeSi2O6) (MgCaSi2O6 )
 CONTOH AMPHIBOLE

•Hornblende: Ca2(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH)2
BIOTITE (BLACK MICA)
STRUKTUR PADA DERET TAK KONTINYU

MINERAL STRUKTUR

olivin Nesosilikat

piroksen Inosilikat (rantai

tunggal)
amphibol Inosilikat (rantai
ganda)
Biotit(mika hitam) pillosilikat
 ANGGOTA DERET KONTINYU
(PLAGIOCLASE)

Anorthite CaAlSi3O8
Bytownite
Labradorite (Ca,Na)AlSi3O8
andesine
oligoclase
Albite NaAlSi3Si8
CONTOH FOTO PLAGIOCLASE

Labradorite albite
anorthite bytownite
 Muscovite
KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2

Struktur : pillosilikat
 QUARTZ (SiO2)

Struktur: tektosilikat
 DEFINISI BATUAN SEDIMEN

1. Pipkin (1977) menyatakan bahwa sedimen adalah

pecahan, mineral, atau material organik yang
ditransforkan dari berbagai sumber dan
diendapkan oleh media udara, angin, es, atau oleh
airdan juga termasuk didalamnya material yang
diendapakan dari material yang melayang dalam
air atau dalam bentuk larutan kimia.
2. Sedangkan Gross (1990) mendefinisikan sedimen laut
sebagai akumulasi dari mineral-mineral dan pecahan-
pecahan batuan yang bercampur dengan hancuran
cangkang dan tulang dari organisme laut serta beberapa
partikel lain yang terbentuk lewat proses kimia yang
terjadi di laut.

3. Pettijohn (1975) mendefinisikan sedimentasi sebgai

proses pembentukan sedimen atau batuan sedimen
yang diakibatkan oleh pengendapan dari material
pembentuk atau asalnya pada suatu tempat yang
disebut dengan lingkungan pengendapan berupa
sungai, muara, danau, delta, estuaria, laut dangkal
sampai laut dalam
http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Rocks/Rocks8.html
 Batuan sediment atau sering disebut sedimentary
rocks adalah batuan yang terbentuk akibat proses
pembatuan atau lithifikasi dari hasil proses
pelapukan dan erosi yang kemudian tertransportasi
dan seterusnya terendapkan.
tipe batuan sedimen :
Detritus terdiri dari partikel-2 padat hasil dari
pelapukan mekanis.

Sedimen kimiawi terdiri dari mineral sebagai

hasil kristalisasi larutan dengan proses inorganik.

Orgaanik, terbentuk dari sisa-sisa kehidupan

hewan/ tumbuhan
 Clastic rock

 (Silici)Clastic rocks are composed of weathering

products that do not dissolved into water, have silica
(SiO2) as one of their major components, and are
transported either by rolling along the bottom, or in
suspension. Because of this the VISIBLE GRAIN and
CLAY SIZED GRAIN weathering products in the
chart above tend to be mixed, and deposited
together.
 CHEMICAL/BIOCHEMICAL ROCKS

 CARBONATES: These are composed of the

mineral calcite (CaCO3 - calcium carbonate), and
are thus all known as carbonates. Note on the
chart that there are many of these, that they form
by both chemical and biochemical processes, and
that they tend to be mixed together in various
combinations in the rocks. They are extremely
abundant and important.
 OTHER CHEMICAL ROCKS:
 These rocks fall into two categories. Chert is a siliceous
rock (composed of SiO2) that forms from the recrystalized
skeletons of " animals " (single celled radiolarians, and
glass sponges) or single celled " plants " (diatoms,
silicoflagellates). And although the silica comes from
skeletons to become chert it must be chemically
recrystallized, thus putting it in the chemical category (but
it is confusing).
 Rock salt (halite; NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO4 .
H2O) originally are dissolved in the sea water, thus
making the sea salty. When sea water evaporates in
a closed area, such as a lagoon, the salt
concentration becomes very high, supersaturated,
and precipitates out. The process is common in
desert areas, with examples today in the Red Sea
and Dead Sea in the Middle East, both highly
saline.
 Clastic rocks–made of cemented sediments—are
classified by their grain sizes.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks9.html
Non-clastic rocks form by chemical precipitation

Limestone
chert from halite is
is made
quartz rock salt
from calcite

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks10.html
 Biologic sedimentary rocks come
from the remains of organic matter.
 The most important of
these is coal.
 Anthracite coal results from
the greatest pressure and
releases the most energy
when burned.
 Other varieties are
bituminous and lignite.
“Petrified” (permineralized)
wood is another organic
rock.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks11.html
 WENTWORTH SCALE, PENAMAAN BAT BEKU
BERDASARKAN UKURAN BUTIR

BREKSI
• lebih besar dari 2 mm dengan bentuk butitan yang bersudut

KONGLOMERAT
• lebih besar dari 2 mm dengan bentuk butiran yang membudar

BATU PASIR
• antara 2 mm sampai 1/16 mm

BATU LANAU
• antara 1/16 mm sampai 1/256 mm

BATU LEMPUNG
• lebih kecil dari 1/256 mm
TEKSTUR, kenampakAn yang berhubungan erat dengan :

UKURAN

komponeN
mineral- BENTUK
mineral TEKSTUR BUTIRAN
penyusunnya

Studi tekstur paling

bagus dilakukan pada
contoh batuan yang
kecil atau asahan tipis.
 STRUKTUR

merupakan suatu Struktur

kenampakan yang pembentukannya berhubungan
diakibatkan oleh dengan

kenampakan
Proses
pada waktu atau batuan yang lebih
pengendapan
besar,

paling bagus
diamati di
energi sesaat setelah
lapangan misal
pembentuknya pengendapan.
pada perlap[isan
batuan.