INTRODUCTION

Vertical Horizontal
datum  datum

Introduction

Datum
Horizontal datums are used for
describing a point on the Earth
surface, in latitude and longitude or
another coordinate system
 PINPOINTING POSITION WITH SURVEY
BENCHMARKS

To create the network of horizontal
positions,surveyors marked each of the
positions they had identified with
brass,bronze or aliminium disk known as
survey benchmark.Because surveyors
wanted to see one marked position from
another,then benchmarks were usually
placed on mountaintops or at high
elevation.If they were on flat land,surveyors
would have towers built to help locate them
In order to create a horizontal datum, these
monument locations were connected using
mathematical techniques like triangulation.The
result of triangulation from the unified network
or survey monument was North American datim
of 1927(NAD27) and later the more accurate
NAD 83.NAD 27 and NAD 83 proud a frame
of reference for latitude and longitude locations
on the Earth
 GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE SYSTEM

Real world objects are defined


by coordinate system.Various
coordinate reference system
exist.In each coordinate A datum describes the space the shape of
system,geographic the Earth.In mathematical terms,it defines
location or features are the radius,major and minor axis and
described mathematically using flattering for an ellipsoid.Datums are used
coordinate valves. a geographic in projections,monitoring the Earth's
coordinate system defies cost,survey boundary delineation and
three.Dimensional coordinates more.All coordinates are referenced to a
base on the Earth's surface.It datum
contains an angular unit of
measure,prime meridian and
datum

Longitude: x-coordinates are between-180+-180

Latitudes : y-valves are between-90 and +90
degrees
 Horizontal datum give us the capability to
measure distances and directions across the


surface of the the Earth.Most horizontal datums
define a zero line at the equator from which we
measure north and south(latitudes).There is
also a zero line at the Greenwhich Meridian
from which we measure east and west
(longitudes).

HORIZONTAL DATUM
RELATED TO
ELLIPSOID
Together these lines provide a reference for latitude and
longitude expressed in decimal degrees.These latitudes and
longitudes positions are based on spheroid or ellipsoid surfaces
that approximate the surface surface of the Earth a datum.All
coordinates are referenced to a datum.A datum describes the
shape of the Earth in mathematical terms.A datum defines the
radius,inverse flattering,semi-major axis and semi-minor axis
for an ellipsoid.
 

brass monument
 vertical datum
tidal datum

• the interface between waters and land

geodetic datum
• reference surface of zero elavation to which height are refferred to
over a large geographic ectent

National -Geodetic datum

-Height Geodetic
Vertical Datum
National often ties in tidal
datums
(altitude) of 1929 American -geodetic datum
-Depth (NAVD92)
Datum of reference might
(depression) 1988 use a tidal datum
as a start point.
(NAVD88)
 GEIOD - an equipment
surface at which gravity
is normal - closely
approximating mean sea


level.

ORTOMETRIC -
measured as a
TYPES OF distance between the
REFERENCE surface and geoid
HEIGHT

REFERENCE
ELLIPSOID -
mathematical model
at the shape of the
Earth with the major
asets along the
equatorial radius
 

thank you

