Operating System Concepts

Fall 2010

Kamran Siddique

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Instructor Brief:
Kamran Siddique
 MS (Computer Engineering)
 University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
 MCS, University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi

Contact
Details:
 Cell: 0788407733

 tmkamran@yahoo.com

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Pre-requisite
 Required:
 Introduction to computer
 Programming concepts

 Recommended:
 Computer organization & Assembly language
 Algorithms & Data Structures

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Recommended Reading:

 Operating System Concepts, by Silberchatz

A, Peterson J and Galvin P. Addison Wesley.

 “Modern Operating Systems” by Andrew S.

Tanenbaum. Prentice Hall pubs. Richard
Stevens,

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Course Objectives:
 To provide you with a general understanding
of how computer works.
 To explain the structure and functions of an
operating system.
 Studying OS design IS studying design of
large software systems.
 OS is needed to make hardware useful.
 To interact with computer hardware more
efficiently.
 To prepare you for future courses.
The Course is NOT about:
 Any particular operating system.

 System administration.

 Installation/trouble shooting of operating

system.
What is an Operating System (OS)?
 A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner.
Computer System Components:
1.Hardware – provides basic computing
resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2.Operating system – controls and coordinates
the use of the hardware among the various
application programs for the various users.
3.Applications programs – define the ways in
which the system resources are used to solve
the computing problems of the users
(compilers, database systems, video games,
business programs).
4.Users (people, machines, other computers).
Abstract view of system components:
Processor:
 Two internal registers
 Memory address register (MAR)
 Specifies the address for the next read or write
 Memory buffer register (MBR)
 Contains data written into memory or receives
data read from memory
 I/O address register
 I/O buffer register
Top level components:
Processor Registers:
 User-visible registers
 Which user can access and also can control their
operation.

 Control and status registers

 Used by processor to control operating of the
processor
 Used by operating-system routines to control the
execution of programs
User visible registers:
 May be referenced by machine language
 Available to all programs - application
programs and system programs
 Types of registers
 Data
 Address
 Index
 Segment pointer
 Stack pointer
Control & Status registers:
 Program Counter (PC)
 Contains the address of an instruction to be
fetched
 Instruction Register (IR)
 Contains the instruction most recently fetched
 Program Status Word (PSW)
 Condition codes
 Interrupt enable/disable
 Supervisor/user mode
Control & Status registers cont…
 Condition Codes or Flags
 Bits set by the processor hardware as a result of
operations

 Examples
 Positive result
 Negative result
 Zero
 Overflow
Instruction Execution:

 Two steps
 Processor reads instructions from
memory
 Fetches
 Processor executes each instruction
Instruction Cycle:
Instruction Fetch & Execute:
 The processor fetches the instruction from
memory

 Program counter (PC) holds address of the

instruction to be fetched next

 Program counter is incremented after each

fetch
Instruction Register:
 Fetched instruction is placed in the instruction
register
 Categories
 Processor-memory
 Transfer data between processor and memory
 Processor-I/O
 Data transferred to or from a peripheral device
 Data processing
 Arithmetic or logic operation on data
 Control
 Alter sequence of execution
Characteristics of a Hypothetical
Machine:
Example of Program Execution: