Fast Bus Transfer Systems : A

System Solution Approach

Power-Gen Middle East

Bahrain International Exhibition Centre,
Manama, Bahrain
6th Feb 2008

Amit Raje, Anil Raje

Aartech Solonics Ltd., Bhopal, India
Arvind Chaudhary
Cooper Power Systems, WI, USA
 Bus Transfer Scheme
 Process Continuity
 Transfer of motor loads from Normal
Source to Alternate Source
– Contingencies
– Unplanned shut-downs and start-ups
– Voltage dips

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 Critical Applications
 Fossil fuel fired boiler
 Pressurized water reactor nuclear unit
 Semiconductor manufacturing plants
 Chemical plants
 Petrochemical plants
 Paper mills etc.

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 Main-Tie (2 Breaker Scheme)
Eg. Thermal Power Station Auxiliaries
 Configurations :
– Station to Unit Transfer GTB EHV BUS STB

– Unit to Station Transfer GT ST

 Transfer Conditions UAT

ST I/C

– Manual Transfer
• Planned start-ups GENERATOR
BTS
UAT I/C
• Planned shut-downs UNIT STATION
– Protective Transfer BOARD BOARD

• Class A Trip TIE-1 TIE-2

– Gen / Transformer M M
(NC)

Trip
– Load Throwoff
Fig. 1. Thermal power plant: Main-Tie BTS configuration.
• Class B Trip
– Boiler, Turbine Trips
– Auto Transfer
• Self Detection
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Main-Tie-Main (3 Breaker Scheme)
Eg. Industrial Process Plant Auxiliaries
 Configurations : SOURCE I SOURCE II
– Normally Closed Tie Breaker
– Normally Open Tie Breaker
 Transfer Conditions
– Manual Transfer I/C I I/C II
BTS
• Planned start-ups BREAKER BREAKER

• Planned shut-downs
– Protective Transfer BUS I BUS II
TIE
• Source equipment failure M M
BREAKER
M M

• Eg, Gen / Transformer Trip

– Automatic Transfer Fig. 2. Process industry: Main-Tie-Main BTS configuration

• Under Voltage/Frequency/|df/dt|

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 Introduction of Generator
Circuit Breaker (GCB)
 Configurations : GTB EHV BUS STB

– Station to Unit Transfer GT ST

– Unit to Station Transfer GCB

ST I/C
UAT

 Transfer Conditions
GENERATOR
– Manual Transfer UAT I/C BTS

• Planned start-ups UNIT

BOARD
STATION
BOARD

• Planned shut-downs
TIE-1 TIE-2
– Protective Transfer M M
(NC)

• UAT/GT Transformer Trip

– Auto Transfer Fig. 3. Thermal power plant with GCB: Main-Tie BTS configuration.

• Self Detection

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 Deregulation, UAT Sizing, Distribution of Loads
Unit-to-Station & Station-to-Unit (3 Breaker)
 UAT Load: At Cost
 ST Load: At Grid Purchase Price GTB EHV BUS STB
 Configurations :
GT ST
– Unit to Station Transfer
GCB
– Station to Unit Transfer UAT

 Transfer Bus GENERATOR

– Unit Board UAT I/C BTS ST I/C

– Station Board UNIT

BOARD
STATION
BOARD

– Unit + Station Board

TIE-1 TIE-2
 Transfer Conditions M M
(NC)

– Protective Transfer
• UAT/GT Transformer Trip for Fig.4. Thermal power plant with GCB and UAT sized to take
Unit to Station Transfer station board load: Main-Tie-Main BTS configuration.

• ST Transformer Trip for Station

to Unit Transfer
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 Islanded Transfer
 Transfer between two ISLANDED EHV GRID
SOURCE I SOURCE II
asynchronous sources in In-
Phase Mode
 Islanded Turbine Operation at
CO-GEN GRID
House Load UNIT CONNECT
UNITS

– Recovery / Restoration I/C I

BTS I/C II
BREAKER
during Grid Failure BREAKER

 Islanded Operation with Co- BUS I BUS II

Generation Plant TIE
BREAKER
M M M M
– Problems in Islanding
CRITICAL UNIT NON–CRITICAL PLANT
– Critical Unit Auxiliaries on AUXILIARIES AUXILIARIES

Islanded Captive Source Fig. 5. Islanded Transfers with Co-Generation Plant

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 Grid Connection Requirements from TransCo.
 No Import Permitted from EHV Grid
 No Export Permitted to MV Grid
MV GRID
SOURCE

CO-GEN
UNIT

GCB GRID I/C

BTS
BREAKER

UNIT BUS II BUS III

BOARD UNIT TIE TIE-2
BREAKER BREAKER
M M M M M M

CRITICAL UNIT OTHER PLANT OTHER PLANT

AUXILIARIES AUXILIARIES AUXILIARIES

Fig. 6. Bus Transfer involving GCB and Grid Tie

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 Integrated Load Shedding and Bus
Transfer Requirements
 Grid Imposed Power SOURCE I LIMITED CAPACITY SOURCE II

Import Restrictions REAL TIME POWER

FLOW DATA

 Source Capacity
Restrictions
I/C I I/C II

 Prioritized Load BREAKER BTS BREAKER

Shedding
BUS I BUS II
TIE
BREAKER
M M M M

Fig. 7. Bus Transfer with Integrated Load Shedding

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 Source Loss / Source Faults and
Process Time Constants
 Source Loss: Upstream Source goes Dead
– Spin Down Characteristics
– Auto Transfer Initiation
 Source Fault: Upstream Source gets Faulted
– Bus De-energized during Fault
– Bus Swelling on Isolation from Fault
– Solution depends on Process Time Constants
– Small Process Time Constant:
• Fast Protection (Sub Cycle Protection) with Intelligent Auto
Transfer Initiated Bus Transfer
– Large Process Time Constant:
• Slow Transfer Schemes with Load Tripping and Re-acceleration

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 Bridging Power Supplies
 Factors
– Duration
– Power Requirements
– Energy Requirements
 Technologies
– Capacitors for Reactive Power Support
– Synchronous Generators
– Flywheels
– Batteries
– Ultra-Capacitors
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 Retrofitting Slow Transfer
Schemes
 Older schemes using residual voltage /
long timer based schemes
 Unable to meet process continuity
requirements
 Improved Motor Health – Reduced Motor
Maintenance (End Winding Failures)

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 Station-to-Station Scheme
T TO
LBB TRIP COMMAND
GRIDCO
T
220kV LINE #1

220kV LINE #2

T T T T
GTB#1 STB#1 GTB#2 STB#2 GTB#3 STB#3 GTB#4 STB#4

GT#1 ST#1 GT#2 ST#2 GT#3 ST#3 GT#4 ST#4

ST I/C ST I/C ST I/C ST I/C

1A 2A 3A 4A
UNIT#1 UNIT#2 UNIT#3 UNIT#4

STATION STATION STATION STATION

BOARD#1A BOARD#2A BOARD#3A BOARD#4A

BTS TIE TIE BTS TIE TIE

AUTO (NO) (NC) AUTO (NO) (NC)
TXFR TXFR
STN TO STN TO
STN STN

Fig. 8. 4x210 MW Thermal Power Plant – LBB Trip resulting in Unit & Station Board AC Failure

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 Integrated Unit-to-Station &
½ Station-to-Station Scheme
 Bus Transfer Requirements for:-
– 1 Unit Board
– 1 Station Board
 More Economy Per Scheme

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 Bus Transfer Problem
NORMAL ALTERNATE
SOURCE SOURCE

NORMAL ALTERNATE
SOURCE SOURCE
BREAKER BREAKER

MOTOR BUS

Fig 3: A Simplified Bus Transfer Configuration

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 Bus Transfer Problem
 Momentory Paralleling
– Fault During Transfer
• Interrupt ratings of circuit breakers violated
• Withstand ratings of transformers violated
– Phase Difference Monitoring
• Power surge

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Bus Transfer Problem (Contd…)
 Open Circuit Condition
– Spin Down Characteristics
• Normal source integrity prior to the opening of the
normal source breaker.
• Stored energy and motor load inertia
– High Inertia
• Fans, Reactor coolant pumps
– Low Inertia
• Centrifugal pumps etc.

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Bus Transfer Problem (Contd…)
NORMAL SOURCE
VOLTAGE PHASOR
(VNORMAL)

MOTOR BUS
VOLTAGE PHASOR
(VBUS)

VOLTAGE COLLAPSE
AND PHASE DECAY
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE MOTOR BUS

Spin down characteristics of an open circuit motor bus

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Bus Transfer Problem (Contd…)
• Adjustable Speed Drives
– Motoring Mode, Coast Mode, Regenerative Braking Mode
• Motor under-voltage disconnection from the bus
– Re-energization
• Most critical task of an open circuit based transfer
– The motor bus residual voltage magnitude.
– The phase angle between the motor bus residual voltage and
the alternate source voltage.
– The phase relationship between the oscillating shaft torque and
transient electrical air gap torque, all at the time of re-
energization.

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 Worst Case Analysis
 ~ Applying twice the rated voltage
 Inrush current is
– twice the normal motor starting current
– Transient
• 6 to 10 times the rated full load current
– Sub-Transient
• 9 to 15 times the rated full load current

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 Worst Case Analysis (Contd…)
 Possible Effects
– An improper re-energization can :
• loosen the stator coils
• loosen the rotor bars of the induction motors
• twist a shaft
• Can even rip the machine from its base plate.
• premature motor failure due to fatigue.

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 Bus Transfer Method
 Parallel (Hot) Transfer
– Advantages
• Bump-less transfer
• Ease of application and operator understanding
– Disadvantages
• Increase in available fault current
• Transfer not possible in case of :
– Steady state voltage/phase difference
– Electrical fault or abnormal conditions
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 Fast Transfer Method
 Phase difference monitoring
– Simultaneous Transfer (1 - 2 cycles)
– Sequential Transfer (5 - 10 cycles)
 Advantages :
– Minimum interruption of power to the bus
– Safe, reliable as well as economic in nature
– Paralleling of the normal and alternate sources
is avoided.

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 In-Phase Transfer Method
 Motor Bus Phasor synchronization
estimation in an open circuit condition
 Based on a 2nd order approximation of
Taylor’s expansion to estimate the phase
difference between the motor bus and the
alternate source at the time of closure.
 T  2
 clo sin g 
 (T  T )   (T )  T   '(T )    '' (T )
0 clo sin g 0 clo sin g 0 2 0

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 In-Phase Transfer Method
ALTERNATE SOURCE
VOLTAGE PHASOR
(VALTERNATE)

t = T0 + Tclosing

t = T0
( T0), ’(T0), ’’(T0) MOTOR BUS
VOLTAGE PHASOR
(VBUS)

In-Phase transfer of motor bus to alternate source

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 Residual Voltage Transfer
 Voltage decay allowed in an Open Circuit
condition upto 20 - 25% before re-
energization
 Load shedding of auxiliaries usually
required to avoid overcurrent trip on re-
energization
 Loss of process continuity possible

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 Bus Transfer Standards
 ANSI C50.41 (1982) and NEMA MG-1
(1982)
– Magnitude of Phasor difference between
motor bus and alternate source in (V/Hz)
should be less than 1.33 p.u.
 NEMA MG-1 (1987)
– Detailed shaft-motor-driven load analysis
required
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 Bus Transfer Experiences
 Transfer Initiation
– Planned Transfers
• Manual
• Remote SCADA Actuation
– Contingency Transfers
• Protective Transfers
– Generator Master Trip, Transformer Trip/Fault
• Auto Transfers
– Undervoltage, Underfrequency, df/dt Based Transfers
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 Thermal Power Station
Bus Spin Down Characteristics

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 Thermal Power Station
Loss of Synchronism

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 Thermal Power Station
Fast Bus Transfer

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 Continuous Process Industry
Bus Spin Down Characteristics

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 Continuous Process Industry
Fast Bus Transfer with Auto Initiation

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 Continuous Process Industry
In Phase Transfer with Auto Initiation

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 Investigating a Bus Transfer
Case

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 Breaker Operations: A key to a
successful bus transfer.

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 Conclusions
 A Bus Transfer Scheme is a critical
necessity in various power generation as
well as industrial processing scenarios.
 Customised System Solution Approach
required for Integrated Application
Engineered Requirements.
 Proven Performance and Features of High
Speed Motor Bus Transfers

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