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Arthropod-Human Relationships
- may affect humans in various ways
1. Temporary Occupants Producing disease themselves
2. Permanent Occupants
3. Mechanical Transfer agents – transmit disease – flies , cockroaches – Typhoid & Cholera
4. Arthropods part of parasite life Cycle - Direct transmission - During blood meal – Ticks, mosquitoes, kissing bugs.
5. Infestation –
6. Venomous arthropods – spiders & scorpions
Two Mechanism Arthropod Causes Clinical Symptoms:
1. Bite itself or Presence of Arthropod
2. Invasion by Specific pathogen transferred by arthropods
Treatment
- Lotions or ointments
- Removal of Arthropods
- Additional Treatment – From disease brought by Arthropods
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide
Higher prevalence – Crowded condition & Poor hygiene
Location
- Burrows – Upper layers of epidermis
Morphology
Females – 0.5 mm in diameter, males – smaller
Eggs – deposited in the burrows
- Hatched in 3-4 days Larvae mature into adults in 4 days
Clinical Manifestations
Commonly affected – Interdigital webs, Genitalia, umbilicus, axillary folds
Extensor areas – elbows, knees , flexor areas of the wrists
Initial lesions – small, erythematous papules or vesicles
2nd to mites secretion – allergic reaction
- Intensely pruritic , excoriation – with 2nd bacterial infection
- Resolves within months – chronicity – persists for years
- Norwegian scabies - In immunocompromised individuals
- Generalized scaling & crusting dermatitis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Clinical observation – Hand lens
- Look for burrows
Scrapings – from skin lesions
- Eggs and mites in scrapings
Treatment
Lindane
Crotamiton
Benzyl benzoate
Permethrin Cream 5% - highly effective
Mild Dermatitis caused by Species Other than Sarcoples scabiei
Mode of Transmission
Louse Infestation – Direct contact
Head louse – sharing of contaminated comb
Pubic louse – Sexual contact, contaminated toilet seats or clothings
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide – populated areas – Crowding & poor personal hygiene
- Refugee populations
- Wars and Population displaced by wars
Head louse – common in 3-10 years old , regardless of good hygiene
Prevalence Rate in U.S – range from 10-40%
Habitat
P. humanus – clothing, intermittently feeds on skin
P. capitis - hair of scalp
P. pubis – hair about genitalia also hair of axilla and eye lashes, perianal areas
Morphology or General Characteristics
Head & Body louse – measures 2-3mm in length
Pubic louse – 2mm in diameter, oval in shape
Claw-like legs and rounded body – resembles miniature crab
Body louse – lives clothings , lay eggs( Nits ) along seams of materials
Head & Pubic louse – glue their nits to hair shafts.
- Nymph hatch from the eggs and grow to adult ( 1 month )
- Both feed on blood
Clinical Manifestations
- Hemorrhagic macules & Papules - site of bite
- Pruritus & excoriation – intense itching
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Adult lice or nits – seen in hair and clothings
- Eggs or nits – white round objects attached to hair shafts and or clothing
Families of Ticks
1. Ixodidae or Hard Ticks - Dorsal plate or Scutum, Mouth parts clearly visible
- Feeds slowly , taking 7-9 days to become engorged.
2. Argasidae or Soft Ticks - leathery body, lacks hard dorsal scutum, mouth parts located ventrally , is not visible
- Completely engorge in a matter of minutes or most few hours
Epidemiology
- Wooded and rural areas of the world
- North America – Hard Ticks - Dermacentor variabilis * American Dog Tick
andersoni – Rocky Mountain Wood tick
Amblyomma americanum – Lone Star Tick
Rhipicephalus sanguinues - Brown Dog Tick
Ixodes dammini – Deer Tick
Soft Ticks -
Genus Ornithodoros – Relapsing Fever – Borrelia species
Epidemiology
- Cosmopolitan in distribution
- Most species – adapted to a particular host
- feed on humans when deprived of their preferred host
- Important Vectors of : 1. Plague
2. Murine Typhus
- Intermediate hosts for dogs ( Dipylidium caninum ) and Rodents Hymenolepis species
Culicidae Family
1. Anophilanae Subfamily
2. Culicinae Subfamily
Eggs – layed on or near water, good flyers , feed on nectars and sugars
Females – feed on blood every 2-4 days
- Required for each clutch of 100-200 eggs Aedes aegypti – Yellow fever Mosquito
- Flower pots, gutters, cans
Epidemiology
Anophilinae – Anopheles
- Species responsible for transmitting malaria
- Tropics – Bread continuaaly in relation to rainfall
Culinae – Aedes
- Largest genus of the Family
- Habitat – tropics to Arctic
- Tundra, marshes, pasture or flood water
MOSQUITOES
Clinical Syndromes
Mild pain and irritation – Itching , swelling
Small flat wheal surrounded by a red flare
Clinical Manifestations
Depends on
1. Amount of venom injeted
2. Location of the bite
3. Age, weight and sensitivity of the patient
Systemic Manifestation – within an hour after bite. Subsides in 48 hours
- Muscular cramps
- Chest pain, nausea & vomiting
- Intestinal spams, diaphoresis
- Visual difficulties
- Boardlike abdomen – mimics surgical abdomen
Clinical Manifestations
- Painless Later itching, swelling, soreness – Bite site
- Blebs – in 3-4 days Ulceration radiating Necrosis Does not heal Continuously spreading
- Intravascular Coagulation Hemolysis Hemoglobinuria Cardiac and renal Failure – Visceral Loxoscelism
Clinical Diagnosis
Appearance of Bleb formation around puncture marks
Nature of developing lesions
Epidemiology
- U.S – 1000 Deaths annually – Genus Centruroides
- Latin America – Tityus
Clinical manifestations:
Scorpion Sting – Highly Variable
- Species and age of scorpion
- Kind and amount of venom injected
- Age, size and sensitivity of the person stunged
Clinical Manifestations
Both bites – lesions are small red marks to hemorrhagic bullae
Bedbugs – linear fashion trunk and arms
- May be associated with nervous disorders & sleeplessness in children and adult.
Triatomid – Higher frequency on the face
Romana Sign – Classic Periorbital edema secondary to triatomid bite
Clinical Diagnosis
- Pattern and location of the bites - Suggests Bedbugs or triatomids
- Bedbug Infestation – Detection of tiny spots of blood on bedding and dead insects themselves