1.

- Una muestra de 15 pacientes que padece de asma participó en un

experimento para estudiar los efectos de un nuevo tratamiento sobre la
función pulmonar. Una de las mediciones que se registraron fue la de
volumen espiratorio forzado (Litros) en 1 segundo (VEF) antes y después de
la aplicación del tratamiento. Los resultados son los siguientes:
INDIVIDU ANTES DESPUÉS 𝒅𝒊 INDIVIDU ANTES DESPU 𝒅𝒊
O O ÉS
1 1.69 1.69 0 10 1.84 4.17 -2,33
2 2.77 2.22 0,55 11 1.89 2.42 -0,53
3 1.00 3.07 -2,07 12 1.91 2.94 -1,03
4 1.66 3.35 -1,69 13 1.75 3.04 -1,29
5 3.00 3.00 0 14 2.46 4.62 -2,16
6 0.85 2.74 -1.89 15 2.35 4.42 -2,07
7 1.42 3.61 -2.19
8 2.82 5.14 -2,32
9 2.58 2.44 0,14

¿Es posible concluir, con base en estos datos, que el tratamiento incrementa
de manera efectiva el nivel del VEF?. Sea 𝛼 = 0.05. Determinar el valor P
2.- Los siguientes son los valores de respuesta del sistema de inmunización de
personas que recibieron una dosis de refuerzo de uno de dos tipos de
vacunas contra la rabia
TIPO 1 (X) 1,25 5,30 1,70 1,0 8,50 3,75 8,10 2,25 5,60 7,85
0
TIPO 2 (Y) 0.57 3.90 8.20 1.2 1.70 1.00 4.55 5.20 2.16 1.90
0

¿Es posible concluir, con base en estos datos, que los 2 tipos de vacuna
difieren en cuanto a sus efectos?. Sea 𝛼 = 0.05
3.- Los siguientes valores son los tiempos (en minutos) de permanencia en la
sala de operaciones de 20 personas sometidas al mismo procedimiento
quirúrgico. 11 De las personas fueron pacientes del hospital A y 9 lo fueron
del hospital B
HOSPITAL 35 30 33 39 41 29 30 36 45 40 31
A
HOSPITAL 45 38 42 50 48 51 32 37 46
B
Con base en estos datos. ¿Es posible concluir que, para el mismo
procedimiento quirúrgico, los pacientes del hospital B tienden a permanecer
más tiempo en la sala de operaciones que los pacientes del hospital A?. Sea
𝛼 = 0.05
4.- En un experimento diseñado para estimar los efectos de la inhalación
prolongada de CdO, 15 animales similares sirvieron de sujetos para el
experimento, mientras que 10 animales similares sirvieron de controles. La
variable de interés fue la concentración de Hb después del experimento. Los
resultados se muestran S
CONCENTRACIONE enDE
la tabla.
Hb CONCENTRACIONE S DE Hb
(Gramos) DE 25 ANIMALES (Gramos) DE 25 ANIMALES
DE LABORATORIO DE LABORATORIO
ANIMALES ANIMALES ANIMALES ANIMALES
EXPUESTOS (X) NO EXPUESTOS EXPUESTOS (X) NO EXPUESTOS
(Y) (Y)
14,4 17,4 15,6 15,0
14,2 16,2 14,1 16,3
13,8 17,1 15,3 16,8
16,5 17,5 15,7
14,1 15,0 16,7
16,6 16,0 13,7
15,9 16,9 15,3
14,0
Se desea saber si es posible concluir que la inhalación prolongada de óxido
de cadmio disminuye el nivel de hemoglobina. Sea 𝛼 = 0.05. Determinar el
6.- Se observaron 2 muestras aleatorias independientes, una de ellas
corresponden a los GR (millones por milímetro cúbico) de 10 hombres y la
otra de los GR de 10 mujeres.
HOMBRES 4,2 4,52 4.58 4.7 4.84 4.93 5.02 5.15 5.36 5.57
7 2
MUJERES 3.8 3.95 4.15 4.2 4.26 4.31 4.38 4.40 4.56 4.73
9 0

a.¿Hombres y mujeres difieren en cuanto a niveles de los GR?. Use un nivel

de significación de 0.01?
b. Encontrar un intervalo al 99% de confianza para la diferencia niveles de los
glóbulos rojos entre Hombres y mujeres?
7.- En estudio para comparar un nuevo tratamiento para la migraña con el
tratamiento habitual, 39 de los 50 individuos que recibieron el tratamiento
habitual respondieron favorablemente. De los 50 individuos que recibieron
el nuevo tratamiento, 45 respondieron satisfactoriamente.
¿Proporcionan estos datos evidencia suficiente para afirmar que el nuevo
tratamiento es más efectivo que el habitual? Estime un intervalo de confianza
del 95%
8.- Un profesional de salud pública está interesada en comparar la proporción de
niños desnutridos en 2 comunidades Urbano marginales, de los cuales una
de ellas cuenta con servicios básicos de agua y desagüe. Para tal efecto,
realiza un estudio y se obtienen los siguientes resultados:
COMUNIDAD A COMUNIDAD B
(Cuenta con (No cuenta con
servicios de agua y servicios básicos)
desagüe)
𝒏𝟏 = 51 𝒏𝟐 = 51
PROPORCIÓN DE
DESNUTRIDOS 𝒑𝟏 = 0,30 𝒑𝟐 = 0,55

En base a esta información obtenida, se podría concluir que ¿La diferencia

observada entre las proporciones de desnutridos de ambas comunidades es
estadísticamente significativa?
9.- En el transcurso de un ensayo clínico, 184 personas recibieron el
medicamento usual y 103
personas recibieron un nuevo medicamento. Con el medicamento usual se o
bservaron 129 curaciones y con el nuevo medicamento, 80

¿Existe diferencia significativa entre las proporciones de las poblaciones, a u

n nivel de significación del 5%?
9.1.- La hipótesis alterna apropiada es
a. H1 : P1 ≠ P2
b. H1 : μ1 ≠ μ2
c. H1 : P1 > P2
d. H1 : p1 < p2
e. N.A.
9.2.- Mencionar el valor de z tabular:
c. 1.96
a. 2.57
d. 1.67
b. 1.64
e. N.A
9.- En el transcurso de un ensayo clínico, 184 personas recibieron el
medicamento usual y 103
personas recibieron un nuevo medicamento. Con el medicamento usual se o
bservaron 129 curaciones y con el nuevo medicamento, 80

¿Existe diferencia significativa entre las proporciones de las poblaciones, a u

n nivel de significación del 5%?
9.3.- Si 𝑍𝑐 = 2.35, la decisión estadística es:
a. Rechazar Ho, la diferencia observada es estadísticamente significativa,
p < 0.05
b. No rechazar Ho, la diferencia observada no es estadísticamente
significativa, p > 0.05
c. No rechazar H1, la diferencia observada es estadísticamente
significativa, p < 0.05
d. Rechazar H1, la diferencia observada es estadísticamente significativa,
p < 0.05
e. Faltan datos
10.- Se tiene interés en comparar la efectividad en la cura de una ETS de
un nuevo medicamento (A) con respecto al tradicional (B). Para tal efecto se
realiza un ensayo clínico y se obtiene los siguientes resultados:
MEDICAMENTO
A B
(Nuevo) (Tradicional)
TAMAÑO DE MUESTRA 𝒏𝟏 = 81 𝒏𝟐 = 81

PROPORCIÓN DE LA 𝒑𝟏 = 0,87 𝒑𝟐 = 0,70

ETS
Con la información que se dispone se podría concluir con respecto a la cura
ETS que el medicamento A es mejor que el B
11.- Una enfermera está interesada en comparar 2 dietas en el incremento del
peso en un grupo 16 pacientes de una determinada patología. Estos
pacientes son divididos es 2 grupos y a c/u se le asigna al azar a una
determinada dieta. Se obtienen los siguientes resultados
DIETAS ഥ
𝒙 𝒔𝟐 n
DIETA A 5 4 8

DIETA B 3 2,25 8

a. ¿La diferencia observada entre los incrementos promedio de peso bajo

cada una de las dietas es estadísticamente significativa un nivel de
significación de 0.10?
b. Encontrar un intervalo al 90% de confianza para la diferencia
observada entre los incrementos promedio de peso bajo cada una de las
dietas
5.- En el transcurso de un ensayo clínico destinado a comparar un dentífrico “A”
con flúor y un dentífrico “B” sin flúor, 260 niños recibieron el dentífrico A y 289
recibieron el dentífrico “B” durante 3 años. El resultado del ensayo ha sido
evaluado sobre la base del score DMFS (Decayed Missing Filled Tooth
Surfaces). Los datos obtenido en el estudio son los siguientes
DENTÍFRICO
.
A B
(Con (Sin flúor)
flúor )
MEDIA 9,78 12,83
DESVIACIÓN 7,51 8,31
MEDIA
a. ¿Existe diferencias significativas entre los promedios de las poblaciones a
un nivel de significación de 0.05?
b. Encuentre un intervalo al 95% de confianza para la diferencia de los
promedios de las poblaciones.
5.- En el transcurso de un ensayo clínico destinado a comparar un dentífrico “A”
con flúor y un dentífrico “B” sin flúor, 260 niños recibieron el dentífrico A y 289
recibieron el dentífrico “B” durante 3 años. El resultado del ensayo ha sido
evaluado sobre la base del score DMFS (Decayed Missing Filled Tooth
Surfaces). Los datos obtenido en el estudio son los siguientes
DENTÍFRICO
.
A B
(Con (Sin flúor)
flúor )
MEDIA 9,78 12,83
DESVIACIÓN 7,51 8,31
MEDIA
a. Contestar las preguntas siguientes:
1.- La hipótesis nula apropiada es
a. HO : μ1 > μ2
b.HO : μ1 = μ2
c. HO : P1 = P2
d.HO : xത1 = xത 2
e.N.A
5.- En el transcurso de un ensayo clínico destinado a comparar un dentífrico “A”
con flúor y un dentífrico “B” sin flúor, 260 niños recibieron el dentífrico A y 289
recibieron el dentífrico “B” durante 3 años. El resultado del ensayo ha sido
evaluado sobre la base del score DMFS (Decayed Missing Filled Tooth
Surfaces). Los datos obtenido en el estudioDENTÍFRICO
son los siguientes
.
A B
(Con (Sin flúor)
flúor )
MEDIA 9,78 12,83
DESVIACIÓN 7,51 8,31
MEDIA
a. Contestar las preguntas siguientes:
2.- Indicar el estadístico de prueba:
a.t de muestras independientes
b.t de muestras relacionadas o apareadas
c.z de muestras independientes
d.F de muestras independientes
e.N.A
5.- En el transcurso de un ensayo clínico destinado a comparar un dentífrico “A”
con flúor y un dentífrico “B” sin flúor, 260 niños recibieron el dentífrico A y 289
recibieron el dentífrico “B” durante 3 años. El resultado del ensayo ha sido
evaluado sobre la base del score DMFS (Decayed Missing Filled Tooth
Surfaces). Los datos obtenido en el estudio son los siguientes
DENTÍFRICO
.
A B
MEDIA 9,78 12,83
DESVIACIÓN 7,51 8,31
MEDIA

a. Contestar las preguntas siguientes:

3.- Mencionar el grado libertad:
a.549 g.l
b.548 g.l
c.600 g.l
d.289 g.l
e.N.A.
5.- En el transcurso de un ensayo clínico destinado a comparar un dentífrico “A”
con flúor y un dentífrico “B” sin flúor, 260 niños recibieron el dentífrico A y 289
recibieron el dentífrico “B” durante 3 años. El resultado del ensayo ha sido
evaluado sobre la base del score DMFS (Decayed Missing Filled Tooth
Surfaces). Los datos obtenido en el estudio son los siguientes
DENTÍFRICO
.
A B
MEDIA 9,78 12,83
DESVIACIÓN 7,51 8,31
MEDIA

a. Contestar las preguntas siguientes:

4.- La decisión estadística es:

a.Rechazar HO
b.No rechazar HO
c.No rechazar H1
d.Rechazar H1
 LASIK: LASER –
ASSISTED IN – SITU
KERATOMILEUSIS
LASIK Eye Surgery
 LASIK (Laser In - situ Keratomileusis) eye surgery is a common type of
refractive eye surgery, that is vision correction surgery, in which the cornea of
the eye is reshaped in order to allow light to be focused properly onto the retina
in the back of the eye. By reshaping the cornea during LASIK surgery, eye
function is improved and the need for prescription eyewear is drastically
reduced or eliminated.
LASIK Eye Surgery
 LASIK (Laser In - situ Keratomileusis) …
 LASIK Eye Surgery Outpatient Procedure
 LASIK eye surgery is done to correct nearsightedness (myopia),
astigmatism (blurry vision), and farsightedness (hyperopia).
o NEARSIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA)
• One can see close-up objects clearly, but distant objects are blurry.
• LASIK eye surgery corrects nearsighted vision (myopia) by increasing
the corneal curvature.
LASIK Eye Surgery
 LASIK (Laser In - situ Keratomileusis) …
 LASIK Eye Surgery Outpatient Procedure
 LASIK eye surgery is done to correct nearsightedness (myopia),
astigmatism (blurry vision), and farsightedness (hyperopia).
o ASTIGMATISM (BLURRY VISION)
• One has blurry vision at all distances.
• LASIK eye surgery corrects the imperfection in the curvature of the
surface of your eye or the lens.
LASIK Eye Surgery
 LASIK (Laser In - situ Keratomileusis) …
 LASIK Eye Surgery Outpatient Procedure
 LASIK eye surgery is done to correct nearsightedness (myopia),
astigmatism (blurry vision), and farsightedness (hyperopia).
o FARSIGHTEDNESS (HYPEROPIA)
• One can see distant objects clearly, but objects close - up are blurry.
• LASIK eye surgery corrects farsighted vision (hyperopia) by flattening
the cornea.
 THE 5 STEPS OF LASIK SURGERY
A numbing eye drop will A femtosecond laser
be placed and the eyelids (Intralase or LenSx) will
will be prepared for be used to create a flap in
surgery. The eyelids will the centre of the
be held open with a small cornea. This flap will be
clip to prevent you from reflected back to expose
blinking. the inner cornea (stroma),
the middle layer of the
cornea
An excimer laser
(Schwind Amaris 1050RS)
will be used to reshape
the inner cornea to your
exact prescription. This
laser will track all of your
eye movements and will
be aligned to account for
any rotational movement
when you move from a
seated/standing position
to lying down. Higher
order aberrations (subtle
 THE 5 STEPS OF LASIK SURGERY

The flap will be replaced into its original
position and allowed to settle into
place. Antibiotic and anti-inflammatory
eye drops will be placed. Occasionally a
bandage contact lens may be placed.
The flap adheres naturally and
securely. Your eye will be examined to
be sure the flap is lying in perfect
position.
 WHAT IS THE LASIK PROCEDURE LIKE?

The eye is This is followed by the use of a device The flap is lifted to
anaesthetized with called microkeratome to create a expose the
topical eye drops corneal flap on the outer layer of the underlying
eye

An excimer laser is used to The corneal flap is The eye heals by itself
 LASIK SURGICAL PROCEDURE
LASIK is performed by cutting a flap on the outer portion of the eye and exposing the
underlying cornea to a laser. The cornea is reshaped and then the flap is replaced. The
procedure is generally completed in less than 15 minutes.

At the beginning of the The surgeon then uses a device called Femtosecond
procedure, the eye is Laser to create a corneal flap on the outer layer of the
anesthetized with topical eye
eye drops

After the flap has been The corneal flap is The eye will heal by itself,
created, an excimer laser replaced and no stitches are
 Surgical skill is the key
component in the creation and re-
positioning of the corneal flap, and
the experience of our board -
certified surgeons with this
procedure is unsurpassed.
Because the surface layer
(epithelium) of the cornea is
preserved, there is very little
discomfort following LASIK
surgery.
LASIK Eye Surgery
 LASIK (Laser In - situ Keratomileusis) …
 LASIK Eye Surgery Outpatient Procedure
 LASIK eye surgery is done to correct nearsightedness (myopia),
astigmatism (blurry vision), and farsightedness (hyperopia).
o PRESBYOPIA (AGE RELATED FARSIGHTEDNESS
• Presbyopia is an eye disorder associated with aging in which the eye
progressively loses ability to focus on near objects due to the natural
hardening of the eye’s lens.
• Presbyopia begins in your 40s and signs of presbyopia include
straining of your eyes to see in dim light, small print and small objects.
• LASIK is not used for presbyopia.
WHAT ARE REFRACTIVE ERRORS?
 If an individual has normal vision, light will enter the eye through the cornea
and will be bent to a single point and focused on the retina at the back of the
eye. If there is a refractive error, the light is not focused on the back of the eye.
 The three most common types of refractive errors are:
 NEARSIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA) → Light is focused before the back of the
eye

 FARSIGHTEDNESS (HYPEROPIA) → Light is focused behind the

eye

 ASTIGMATISM (BLURRY VISION) → Light is split into 2 focus points

 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES  LASIK is an outpatient procedure and it is generally
completed in less than 15 minutes.
 The LASIK procedure has less pain and your vision will
improve rapidly after the surgery.
DISADVANTA  Like any surgical procedure, LASIK too, has risks
GES associated with it. The following is a list of possible risks:
 Undercorrection or overcorrection
 Regression
 Night vision disturbance (Halo, glare, light sensitivity,
starburst, low contrast situations, etc.)
 Dry eye
BENEFICITS OF LASIK EYE SURGERY
 The main benefit of LASIK eye surgery is having your vision greatly improved.
Approximately 96% of patients who undergo LASIK report that they
experienced the vision they were desiring from the procedure. Additional
benefits of LASIK eye surgery are:
 Fast, almost immediate, results
 Less dependence on eyewear (gafas)
 Little discomfort
 No stitches (puntadas) or bandages
 Safe and effective
 Short recovery time
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF LASIK?
 A quick, painless outpatient surgery
 Less chance of infection
 Rapid recovery, usually 1 - 2 days
 Clear vision without corrective lenses, usually in a couple of days and
sometimes within 24 hours
 Greatly reduced chance for error due to the precision of computer-assisted
lasers
 Less chance of hazing
 A thinner, more precise flap obtained with the development of Intralase laser
 Few complications with the microkeratome, but even fewer with the Intralase
laser
RECOVERY FROM LASIK EYE SURGERY
 Recovery from LASIK eye surgery will take a relatively short amount of time.
Most patients enjoy noticeably improved vision within 24 hours, although your
vision should continue to sharpen for up to a few weeks. You may experience
dry or red eyes or blurry vision during the first day, which is normal. You will be
given eye drops to help expedite the healing process.
 Your doctor will evaluate your progress at your first follow-up appointment,
which will be shortly after your LASIK procedure, usually 2 - 3 days.
Occasional check-ups are recommended during the first 6 months after your
LASIK to ensure that your surgery continues to be successful or to determine if
any adjustments are needed.
LASIK EYE SURGERY RISKS
 While LASIK eye surgery is considered to be an extremely safe and effective
vision correction procedure, as with any surgery, risk is involved. In rare cases,
problems can occur during the LASIK procedure which can affect vision
permanently or cause “best vision” (the highest vision achieved with corrective
eyewear) loss. Other rare side effects can include:
 Vision fluctuation
 Dry eyes
 Night vision difficulty
 Problems with glare or halos
WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES / RISKS OF LASIK?
 Glare, halos around bright lights, or a haze may occur for a few months. A
good clinical indication that you are may experience halos is you had them
with your contact lenses.
 Vision may become worse, or astigmatism may develop (usually within the first
3 months). If so, an enhancement procedure usually can be performed.
 You may experience potential glare from LASIK.
 Recovery can be uncomfortable, although this is uncommon.
 These risks occur less frequently with new upgraded computer LASIK
programs, the use of the Intralase laser to create the flap, and careful selection
of candidates for the procedure. It is important to get a thorough evaluation to
determine if you are a good candidate. We have a high success rate because
we advise many (25%) patients against LASIK for various reasons.
HOW DO I KNOW IF I AM A GOOD CANDIDATE FOR LASIK?
 A large percentage of nearsighted, farsighted, and astigmatic patients are
potential candidates for LASIK. Patients who are 21 years of age or older and
have healthy eyes that are free from retinal problems, corneal scars, and any
eye disease are suitable. By having an evaluation, examination, and
consultation with you, the doctor will be able to determine if you are a good
candidate.
 You could enjoy the benefits of LASIK if:
 You have moderate to high levels of myopia or are nearsighted.
 You have astigmatism or are farsighted.
 Your eyes are generally healthy.
 Your vision is stable.
 Your corneas are thick enough.
 You have adequate tears: do not suffer from excessive “dry eye.”
 Proper postoperative expectations are explained for YOUR particular case.
WHO IS A POOR OR RISKY CANDIDATE FOR LASIK
 Thin corneas, usually less than 480 microns (1000 Microns in 1 millimeter)
 Eye prescription continually changing
 Corneal disease
 Very dry eyes
 Amblyopia (Lazy eye)
 Pregnant or pregnancy planned within 6 months
 Nursing mother
 Lupus
 Rheumatoid arthritis, usually very dry eye
 Healing problems (Keloid formation)
 Sjogren’s síndrome
 Diabetes
 Keratoconus
WHO IS A POOR OR RISKY CANDIDATE FOR LASIK
 Cataracts
 Herpes zoster
 Corneal scarring (Trauma)
 Large pupils
 Certain medications
BEFORE AND AFTER LASIK
 It is important to remember that you cannot drive yourself home as your vision
will be blurry. If you were given a sedative, you may also be a bit
drowsy. When you get home, it is best to take a nap or rest, and use the
recommended eye drops to keep your eyes healthy and comfortable. You will
be given an appointment within the next day or two after surgery to be sure the
eye is healing well.
MYTHS
 THE EYE IS ANAESTHETIZED WITH AN INJECTION
 People commonly believe that an injection needle is required to
anaesthetize the eye before the surgery is performed. However, this is not
true as eye drops are used for the purpose. While eye drops do cause mild
discomfort, there is no use of an injection in this step.
 LONG TERM RECUPERATIONS
 Another thing that worries people is the long-term recuperation effects as a
result of Lasik surgery, with the major worry being unable to continue
physical activity for a long period of time. This is not true, and the only
precautions required is to avoid foggy places, swimming and rubbing of the
eyes for the first four weeks after surgery, and after a month, physical
activity can be resumed by the patient without any inconvenience.
 PAIN
 Pain from the surgical process is often what keeps people away from going
through this treatment. However, laser, and especially Lasik eye surgery, is
almost pain-free, and within 15-20 minutes, both the eyes undergo
treatment. It’s a short and painless process.
MYTHS
 HARM FROM THE LASER
 Tom and Jerry reminds people about the harm a laser can cause, and they
believe the eye surface has the chance of being burnt from the laser that’s
used in the process, which is a myth. The laser that’s used in Lasik surgery
of the eyes is cold, and doesn’t have any potential to cause damage to the
surface of the eye.
 LASIK EYE SURGERY IS UNAFFORDABLE
 People believe laser eye surgeries like Lasik are unaffordable nowadays,
while quite the opposite is true. It’s now more affordable than it was in the
past due to increase in efficiency of the procedures.
 After going through these myths, people looking into Lasik eye surgery
would have a better idea of what’s in store for them and how undergoing this
surgery can help to improve their vision.
 THE TRUTH BEHIND LASIK EYE SURGERY
The cornea, which is the front part of human
eye, is reshaped in all major vision correction
surgeries. Lasik eye surgery is one of the
major procedures of reshaping the cornea. It’s
used for correcting vision in patients who are
far or near sighted. The ultimate goal is to
create a clearer, sharper vision.

Technological advancements have been made

in Lasik eye surgery procedures, allowing new
methods to be introduced that give better
results while taking less time compared to
conventional Lasik surgery procedures.
Examples of new technological methods
include InstaLead and CustomVue from Lasik
New York.

There are several myths surrounding Lasik

eye surgery, making it unclear whether people
who have unclear vision and require cornea
 Occurs when the shape of the eye is too long or the curve of
NEARSIGHTEDN
the cornea is too extreme. In this case, light rays are focused
ESS
on a point in front of the retina – instead of on the retina itself.
(MYOPIA)
FARSIGHTEDNE Occurs when the shape of the eye is too short. In this case,
SS light rays are focused on a point behind the retina.
(HYPEROPIA)
ASTIGMATISM Occurs when the cornea is unevenly curved, causing light
(BLURRY rays to fall off center or not to focus properly at all.
VISION)