LOOPS

MRS. PALMER
There are three categories of
control structures.

 Sequential Statements
 Conditional Branching
statements
 Iteration/ Looping
 TYPES OF LOOPS

There are various types of Loops, two out of three will be covered in
Grade 10 are;

For
While
Repeat until
FOR LOOPS – repeats instructions a
predetermined number of times . E.g
10-100 times.

WHILE LOOPS- repeats instructions as

long as some condition is true. This
type of loop is often programmed to
stop when the user enters some value ,
E.g. “quit” or “999”.
TYPES OF LOOPS

For (Bounded/Definite) Loop – used to repeat an action a limited

number of times. This loop is used when the number of times an
action should be repeated is known.
While (Unbounded/ Indefinite) Loop – used to repeat an action
multiple times. This loop is used when the number of times an action
should be repeated is unknown.
 SYNTAX
FOR Variable = <beginning> TO <ending> DO
Action
<instructions to be repeated>
ENDFOR
 HOW TO CONSTRUCT A FOR LOOP
Step 1
Read A,B,C Develop the algorithm normally,
Sum=A+B+C as if only one cycle is involved.
Average=Sum/3
Print “Average”, Average

Step 2
Place the For statement before
For the instructions to start and
Read A,B,C endfor to end the instructions.
Sum=A+B+C
Average=Sum/3
Print “Average”, Average
EndFor
 HOW TO CONSTRUCT A FOR LOOP
Step 3 Determine what instructions are
to be repeated and use a new
For S=1 to 25 Do variable as the loop variable.
Read A,B,C
Sum=A+B+C
Average=Sum/3
Print “Average”, Average
EndFor
STEP CLAUSE
This indicates how much the loop variable is to be increased or
decreased by each time the loop is executed.
E.g. E.g with a step clause:
FOR num=1 TO 5 Do
Print num FOR i=10 TO 0 step -2 DO
END FOR Print i
END FOR
The computer would display: The computer would display:
1 10
2 8
3 6
4 4
5 2
0

The step clause of -2 decreases

the countdown by taking away 2
each time the loop is repeated.
UNKNOWN VALUES
Sometimes without telling you how many times to read a
problem the computer will say read N numbers or X
numbers.
E.g. Write an algorithm that reads N ages and for those that
are more than 65 say “Senior Citizen”.
How will we know the value of N?
IS there a way to get it?
We simply, get it from the User.

So let’s break down the steps given

Print “Please enter age”

Read age
If age >65 then
Print “Senior Citizen”
Endif
Read N
For i=1 to N Do
Read age
If age >65 then
Print “Senior Citizen”
Endif
Endfor
Write a structured algorithm to print the
message hello world 10 times.
EXAMPLE OF A FOR LOOP (IPO)
Input Process Output
For x = 1 to 10 do hello world
print “hello world” hello world
endfor hello world
hello world
hello world
hello world
hello world
hello world
hello world
hello world
EXAMPLE OF A FOR LOOP (PSEUDOCODE)
Start
Declare
X as integer
for x = 1 to 10 do
print “hello world”
endfor
stop
EXAMPLE OF A FOR LOOP (FLOW CHART)
start

x=1

NO

For x = 1
to 10 do

YES
Hello
world

stop
ACTIVITY
Answer the following questions by writing the IPO chart and
Pseudocode;
1. Write a structured algorithm that prints the message “Are we
there yet” 100 times.
2. Write a structured algorithm that reads the marks obtained by 30
students in a test given that the pass mark is 50 and for each
mark prints whether the person passed or failed.
3. Write a structured algorithm that prints the even numbers between
2 and 20.