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17.

Fracture and the Ductile to


Brittle Transition Temperature

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Learning objectives
• Explain what the Ductile Brittle Transition is
• Describe how a Charpy test is performed

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Ductile-Brittle Transition (DBT)
• A drastic reduction in ductility can be observed as
temperature is decreased
• A transition from ductile to brittle fracture is seen
in
– BCC Steels (most important as they are widely used,
not observed in austentic (FCC) stainless steels)
– Some HCP and other BCC metals
– Ceramics
– Many polymers
• FCC metals do not show a DBT
– e.g. Aluminum, Copper, Nickel, Austentic Stainless

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• Decreasing temperature...
-decreases %EL and Kc

• Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT)...

FCC metals (e.g., Cu, Ni, Al)


Impact Energy

BCC metals
polymers
Brittle More Ductile

High strength materials (s y > E/150)

Adapted from Fig. 8.15,


Callister 7e.
Temperature
Ductile-to-brittle
transition temperature

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Ductile-Brittle Transition (DBT)
• Steel tensile tests
– Over a range of temperatures (-100 to 100 C) at a strain rate of 10-3 s-1

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DBT cont.
• Redo tests at a higher strain rate of say 1 s-1

Range of brittle
behaviour moves
10-3 s-1 1 s-1 to higher
temperature with
increasing strain
rate

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DBT cont.

Schematic showing the impact of strain rate on notch


toughness

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Ductile Brittle Transition Temperature
(DBTT)
• Tensile tests are difficult to do at high strain rates and
over a range of temperatures
• We want a high strain rate test in order to know how a
material might behave under the worst type of service
conditions (impact loading)
• Therefore use an impact test
– Izod impact test
– Charpy impact test
– …

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Charpy Impact Test Read off scale

ENERGY
ABSORBED

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Charpy Impact Test
• Charpy Impact test measures the energy to fracture a
standard size specimen (10 x 10 x 55 mm with a 2 mm
notch).
• The specimen is notched to simulate the worst case for
service condition.
– Notched, impact, and low temperature!
• Test measures “Charpy V-notch (CVN) toughness”
• Remember that the test does not measure the fracture
toughness (eg Kc).
• Fracture toughness tests are comparatively very difficult
and expensive to perform, especially at high strain rates
and over a range of temperatures.

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Fracture Surface Appearance
• Brittle region is shiny (cleavage fracture)
• Ductile region is gray (fibrous, also known as shear
fracture)
• As well as energy absorption, one can characterize the
fracture surface by the % shear fracture
• eg A36 steel:
Temp

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A283 Steel
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Effect of %C on DBTT

Schematic
DBT Upper Shelf E

sy
DBTT

%C

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Specification of Transition Temperature
and Design
• Rule of Thumb
– minimum allowable notch toughness is usually 20-30 J at the lowest
operating temperature.
• CVN number cannot be used to calculate a “safe stress” in design
calculations (unlike sy or KIc). Useful for specification of minimum
CVN energy, quality control and comparison of similar materials
• No ductile brittle transition for many metals
– E.g. no DBT for FCC (Al alloys, Cu alloys, Ni and austentic stainless steels),
but there is DBT for BCC, HCP alloys e.g. steels
• For steels as carbon concentration increases:
– yield stress increases
– DBTT at higher temperature
– Shelf energy decreases (fracture energy above DBTT)

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Learning objectives
• Explain what the Ductile Brittle Transition is
• Describe how a Charpy test is performed

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Problem 8.16

8.16 A fatigue test was conducted in which the mean stress was 70 MPa (10,000 psi), and the stress amplitude was
210 MPa (30,000 psi).
(a) Compute the maximum and minimum stress levels.
(b) Compute the stress ratio.
(c) Compute the magnitude of the stress range

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